HomeMy WebLinkAboutSS2 - Traffic Calming MeasuresCITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
Study Session Item No. sS2
July 27, 2004
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND MEMBERS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
FROM: Public Works Department
Richard Edmonston, P.E.
949 - 644 -3311
red monston @city.newport- beach_ca.us
SUBJECT: TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES
For years Newport Beach, like many other agencies, has been receiving complaints
about driver behavior on residential streets. The complaints are mostly related to
concern over the speed of traffic and less frequently they also relate to the volume of
traffic on a residential street. The frequency of this type of complaint has increased
over time to the point that it is one of the most common concerns mentioned by those
who contact the Traffic Engineering office. This is a widespread concern and
professionals all over the world are trying innovative measures to address the issue, but
no single solution has been found that would work in most cases. It is important to
consider what is causing residents to be upset about driver behavior on their street or in
their neighborhood. Complaints fall into two categories — speed and cut - through traffic.
Speed concerns
When we measure speeds of vehicles and plot them, they usually follow the familiar bell
shape associated with random behavior. Traffic engineers' work is generally based
upon the assumption that most motorists drive in a reasonable and prudent fashion.
Rules and regulations based upon this assumption tend to work well for the majority of
drivers and are largely self enforcing. Based upon the bell curve, the upper limit of
reasonableness is considered to be the 85'h percentile speed which is the maximum
speed that 85 out of 100 drivers would be driving. This also means that 15 percent of
the motorists will be driving faster. The 85`" percentile speed is also known as the
critical speed.
The primary concern in all neighborhoods is those drivers in the 15 percent that are
going faster than the critical speed. Because these motorists are going noticeably
faster than the great majority, their behavior stands out and raises the ire of the
neighborhood. Anecdotally, while these tend to be younger drivers, speeders can be
found in all age categories.
Many, many speed studies performed over the years in various neighborhoods in
Newport Beach have shown fairly consistent results. The measured critical speeds
Jaac
range between 28 and 36 MPH with most critical speeds for newer subdivisions being
around 32 or 33 MPH. The variation in speeds strongly correlates with the width of the
street. Streets in old Corona del Mar are mostly 30' wide and have critical speeds near
28 MPH while those in a newer area such as Eastbluff are usually 40' wide and have
critical speeds around 33 MPH. Because 28 MPH on a narrow street "feels" much the
same as 33 MPH on a wider street to the residents, both neighborhoods want drivers to
slow down.
If we accept the hypothesis that most drivers are reasonable and prudent, we would
conclude that the State established speed limit of 25 is unrealistic in residential areas.
On the other hand if we want to bring the critical :speed closer to 25 MPH, then we must
change the driving behavior of many drivers, which is bound to be both difficult and
controversial.
Cut - through traffic
Residents consider traffic to be cut - through if the trip doesn't start or end in the
immediate neighborhood. This type of complaint is most common in the older, grid
style areas such as Corona del Mar and Newport Heights. These streets were
originally designed to handle both local and through traffic with multiple, parallel routes
available. Certain streets in these neighborhoods become attractive alternate routes to
the parallel arterial roads, generally because of their connectivity to other areas and
streets. If arterial roadways do not have enough capacity to handle the demand with
minimal congestion and delay, motorists start seeking alternate routes through the
neighborhood. Additionally, many neighborhoods have regional facilities such as
parks, schools, churches and community centers within them that draw trips from
outside the immediate neighborhood.
Traffic Calming
Until about ten years ago, the City's response to these concerns was generally one of
two options: do nothing or install speed bumps. Enforcement was provided on a limited
basis, but it is not an effective use of manpower given that few accidents happen in
residential areas compared with the number on the arterial street system. The speed
bump option proved to be controversial for a number of reasons. Many homeowners
did not want one near their homes because of the noise associated with cars slowing
and then accelerating after they crossed the bump. Others were concerned that they
would hurt property values. Still others did not want to have to drive over them and be
inconvenienced by their presence. On the other hand, they were relatively inexpensive
and they were generally effective at lowering speeds.
As -the number of speed bumps increased, so did the concern by emergency
responders, including our Fire Department, that too many of them would seriously
impact their response times in emergencies. Research shows that speed humps
increase emergency response times between 2 and 10 seconds per speed bump:
depending upon their location, configuration, and the type of vehicle that is traveling
over them. Fire department vehicles also suffer significant structural stresses when
going over speed bumps due to their size and weight. Paramedic ambulances aren't
slowed as much as larger equipment when enroute to a medical emergency but they
7, i.'e
Pace
must traverse them when transporting a patient to the emergency room. In the
intervening years, new designs for speed bumps have been developed that address
some, but not all, of the concerns by emergency personnel, but none of these newer
designs have been installed in Newport Beach.
Due to the ongoing interest in getting motorists to drive more slowly in residential areas,
many different approaches were explored in the US as well as countries all over the
world. This has led to many cities using a more systematic approach which includes a
long menu of actions that are known collectively as Traffic Calming. The underlying
premise of traffic calming is that drivers will go as fast as they are comfortable with so
measures that reduce that comfort level will result In lowered speeds. Motorists
typically reduce their speeds if they need to negotiate a narrower street, traffic circle, or
vertical hump or dip. Many of these traffic calming measures have negative aspects
such as increased noise, less room for large vehicles, delayed response times for
emergency vehicles, and other unwanted side effects including costs associated with
installation and increased maintenance.
The actions can range from the installation of warning signs to constructing cul -de -sacs
to block through traffic. A number of cities have adopted Traffic Calming guidelines for
the benefit of residents and staff. The City of Sacramento, for example, has a large
program with a dedicated staff of six persons and an annual budget in excess of
8500,000 to perform studies and implement Traffic Calming in this city of 450;000
residents. Exhibits 1 and 2 are from the Sacramento guidelines. They list the types of
traffic calming measures and where that city considers each to be potentially effective.
Newport Beach's experience with traffic calming is limited to early speed bump
installations and one more recent Installation which paired two speed bumps with a
road narrowing. Most articles on traffic calming indicate that the expected speed
reduction in the critical speed from speed bumps and narrowings will be around 5 to 7
MPH. We have found reductions of this magnitude on most of our installations.
Issues to be addressed
Newport Beach is currently budgeting 850,000 per year for this type of effort and these
funds have also been used for small traffic safety projects such as restriping, guardrail,
and special signing needs. The two neighborhood studies that are presently underway
cost in the area of $80,000 each, and the improvements tentatively identified in the
Newport Heights /Cliff Haven area would cost several hundred thousand dollars or
more. Because the proposed improvements for this neighborhood are center median
islands and and /or curb extensions to narrow streets, the total cost of these
improvements will be greatly influenced by the extent to which any of them are to be
landscaped. The Newport Hills /Harbor View study has not reached the point of
recommending solutions, but an additional $40,000 was added to the budget checklist
for this area. The Council may want to evaluate the level of funding that is available for
this type of program and establish guidelines for funding, including resident participation
for both installation and maintenance.
Several years ago the City developed a Draft Neighborhood Traffic Management
Program with the help of a consultant. That plan was presented to the City Council at a
Study Session, but for a variety of reasons it never was finished and adopted. Staff
believes that it would be useful to take another look at this program, perhaps by a
committee that would include one or more City Council members. Other members
could include the existing Traffic Affairs Committee which has representatives from
Police, Public Works, and the City Manager's office. A representative from the Fire
Department should also be on the committee to assure that their concerns are included
in the considerations.
Traffic calming for residential neighborhoods is complicated and often controversial with
potentially significant cost implications. Staff looks forward to direction and input from
the City Council on the following partial list of policy issues identified to date:
Problem identification and evaluation - How do we determine what is a real problem
as a community versus a perceived problem by one or more residents? Is the threshold
based upon percentage of drivers exceeding the 85 "'' percentile speed? Do higher
volume residential streets get some form of extra consideration? Accidents in
residential areas tend to be rare compared to arterial streets and are more likely to go
unreported. How should accidents be factored into the evaluation?
Policy and process — What traffic calming techniques (speed bumps, roundabouts,
mini circles, chokers, diverters, cul -de -sacs) will be supported by the City? How are
requests from various neighborhoods to be prioritized? What is the minimum level of
neighbor support? Previous use of 60% support was too low, but should it be 75 %,
80 %, or even higher?
Funding — How will we fund the studies and traffic calming improvements? What level
of funding is the City desirous of committing to traffic calming? Will there be an annual
program? Will proponents be required to share in the construction and /or maintenance
costs?
Environmental Review:
Not applicable at this time.
Prepared by:
Richard Edmonston, P.E.
Transportation and Development
Services Manager
Submitted by:
SA-elphenP�.-Badum
Public /Works Director
Table 1 — Traffic Calming Measures and Problem Types
TyRe of Problem
Types of Measures Vehicle Pedestrian
Speeding Traffic Volume! Accidents Noise
Safety
Phase I Non - Restrictive Measures
praefed Speed
Enforc.emen;
• IJ
,
Radar Trailer
•
Lane Stripino
•
:
peed'_imii Sicncne
•
SoeedLecends
•
n
Truck Resiriction Sion.s
G
O
•
'Cross Traffic Does Not Stop,"
�+Inna'ae
•
I � v
Bolts Dofs /Raised Reflectors
-�
•
!
�Hioh-Vsibiiiiy Crosswalks
• C.
A.ncled Porkina
•
p
peed runes
• •
x
ioeed Lumps
• •
x
�PeeC. odes
• r
X
Raised Crossv.olks
•
• x
Raised Iniersecfions
•
• x
Textured Rovemani
x
Phase
I Horizontal Measures
Rouncabotut, ,Sinde Lnnel
• 0 •
Lateroi 51-ifts
-
chlcanes
• _; r ; -;
Reolioned Intersections
• J ��
Neckdewns
•
�
• -
wo -Lone Chokers
•
C>
C
Center siand rJorrowings/
Pedestrion Re apes
•
•
Onc -Lane Chokers
•
•
x
Phase 11 Measures
Full C;osures
• • -
- -
Half Clowree.
• • -
�_
Diacand Diverers
• • !
, -�
Median Barriers
t •
-�
IFCrced
Turn Island;
O • j
Cay: • = S"nnaly Appropria e x = inappr prig u!Cour ?erprcdu °i ,e
= ,Moderarei, Aoomori.7`e
_XR ib It Z
Table 2- Traffic Calming Measures and Location Types
Types of Measures
Residential
Non - Residential
' Boundary of +
Midblock Intersection ! Area . Midblock
Intersection
Targeted Speed Enforcement
•
•
_
•
•
•
Rcdor Traiiet
ILcne Striping
•
x
x
•
x
',Speed Jmit Sianace
•
•
•
•
•
SGee� '_ecencs
Bruck Restriction Sions
x
x
•
x
•
;'Cress Trffic Does Not Stoc�'
Si naae
x
O
•
x
I "
5ot�s Dots /Raised :Kerlectoa
On Curves
x
x
•
x
Hia�- ` ✓isibiiiry Cros,wclks
-
•
Unsignalized
Intersections
Unsignalized
: Intersections
I •
Unsignalized
Intersections
An lea °arkira
•
x
x
•
x
Phase 1 Vertical Measures
-
IrGeed Hum!:
•
x
j x
1
i x
i
x
Deed Lumr,
Geed Tables
•
x
x
x
Raised Ctosswo,ls
•
O
�
,C
x
Raised intar;ectienc
x
•
•
X
•
Texiurea Pavement
•
_
•
•
•
•
Traffic CircieS
x
Especially
4-Ways
=
x
Roundacou-.s
(Single -Lane!
x
-_
C.
x
( •
Lo,, e! Shifts
•
x
X
•
x
Chicanes
Realigned Irier=_erticns
x
•
•
x
•
Phase I Narrowing Measures
Neckdowns
x
•
•
x
•
Two—Lace Choker
•
x
x
•
x
Center Islam Norrowingsi
Pedestrian Refuges
•
•
•
• _ —�
One -Lane Choker;
•
x
x
x
x
Phase It Measures
Fill Closures
x
•
! •
i x
x
Half Closures
x
•
•
x
x
Giaaonal Diversers
x
•
j x
x
x
Median 3arriers
x
•
x
x
Forced -urn srgr-as
x
-
•
x
•
Key: x = Seldom or never applicacie.
= Not aoclicabie e Qt it [.`me _ _
• = Geceoai:y apoliccble.
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w
. July 26, 2004
Dear Mayor Ridgeway and members of the Council:
I would like to ask you to consider creating a plan to allow the rational
placement of speed humps on residential streets.
In the April 3004 issue of the American Journal of Public Safety, Dr.
June Tester evaluated the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child
pedestrian injuries (tab 1). This article is directly applicable to our request,
as it evaluated residential streets with and without speed humps, and found a
60% reduction in the odds of traffic injury or death to children in their own
neighborhoods in the city of Oakland. Tom Van De Mark (510 -238- 7049),
the Director of Pedestrian Safety in Oakland, also affirmed that Oakland was
very satisfied with their emergency response after the placement of speed
humps in residential areas.
Newport Beach does not track residential accidents as Oakland does
(per city officials), but it has evaluated traffic speeds on our own street as
• part of the Harbor View Homes Traffic Study. Per Tony Brine, the 85`1'
percentile speed of drivers on the 90 degree semi -blind curve on Port
Provence Place is —38 mph. There are 18 children under the age of 12 living
around this curve, and 14 new teenager drivers on the street. In short, this is
an accident waiting to happen. The fact that it is not a heavily traveled street
actually increases the danger, as it increases the complacency of children
and parents who don't appreciate a constant risk.
Fire Chief Riley is concerned that speed humps will hamper a rapid
emergency response. There is no national policy on speed humps, although
this appears to be a belief by some city officials. The Orange County Fire
Authority requires only a 5 minute response time (Laura Blauc 714 -573-
6101 ), and is otherwise neutral on speed humps. Multiple cities in Orange
County currently allow speed humps.
Nor do speed humps create significant delays. The Institute of Traffic
Engineers has published information indicating an average of 5.4 seconds
delay per speed hump for Fire ladder trucks (tab 2). Speed humps on
residential streets cause a minimal delay for emergency vehicles. The delay
• would be even less on a typical Harbor View Homes street, as fire engines
would be slowing for the upcoming 90 degree curve. Even the Newport
Beach City Hall parking lot has speed humps!
Port Provence /Port Weybridge has broad support for speed humps. In
September 2003, a petition proposing speed humps was endorsed by 18 of
the 19 affected families (with one family taking a neutral stance). This
makes these streets an ideal location for a pilot study to evaluate the
effectiveness and acceptance of speed humps (tab 3).
Please consider a policy of rational placement of speed humps for our
city. This could include a prohibition of speed humps on arterial roads or
steep hills, and near fire and police stations. It could also include a
requirement for broad neighborhood support from the homes directly
impacted by speed humps.
Another option is to have residents pay for the installation of
requested speed humps themselves. This would require only that the city
provide permits, a template for installation and inspections, and would
reduce the financial commitment required by the city to achieve effective
traffic calming. Speed humps are the least expensive vertical measure to
achieve traffic calming, especially when compared to chokcrs, chicanes and
center island narrowing,
As in all matters of public safety, the council must balance the
competing desires of the Fire Department with the needs of traffic safety for
city residents. I hope you will agree with me that a balanced speed hump
policy can satisfy all interested parties.
Thank you,
Susan Skinner Caustin, MD
949- 640 -2003
•
•
A Matched Case, Control Study Evaluating the Effectiveness
of Speed Humps in Reducing Child Pedestrian Injuries
Jvne M. Tester. MD. MPH, Genrge W, Rldl'iodnrd. MD, Zachay Wad. MCP one Marl, W. Rrmerfnfd, MO
R,destnan uaj.uies (raced hi. auimmot:ile rnl-
tisiom arc a lending aeon- nl'tloath among
chtlda•n aged 5 to 1-1 ,can.' laic demo -
,ynaphic chanicion--m ul iJuld m in ;urea )ty
automobiles hnvi• tcmail:ol the'sarne over
the pal ZO }'cer >, with bucn, ch ldrrn l ;r-
twaen the ntgP of 3 and 9 yeas, mid dtiltlmn
hviag in neigoborhr., is of low vlcioeeonort c
soilrs (St's) at Inow5l, nsk i ,
Children cn mGlr C• scha8 of at play Ir.
front of thor honer" we e :.posr!d in ma,ls and
sheet U'allic. NI(xiih•ing uv6ic pafi:rns u a
pass;ve and ulstninable public health ituer
volition that may make cif l li, mi; envi.
moments safe: Trcdlit: putternsi,cen be Van&
fled with a nuoll)er of engmee,'iug slnetegdti
that fall un(kr the rubnr of "h: f6e riming"
DLminct from speed limit Ji ql: or .:top
tridfi( calming 111MISures such as "peed
itun:pS, shYel clo :uns, nn•r[o l bdiiien, old
trallic circles err suec( :Gaul ui providing long-
term safe[ \' inr Pcdcstrian, imd inuuiris[s Ine-
catse thcp we phvsirel stninures wish de.
signs dlat all, A ka If'riing (giber than
retluirinh pnhrc cuhin :cnu•ut.
e -N
Ft r year >, 1? o "i an c :e1)itn+5 such m Den-
mark, the \eLherland<, and Gleh! Rlitain, as
well a, AjsnraGn and lets Zealand halve im-
pJt:menWd rule, Icsicd di: cllec'B of ualfic
coming. .1 roport published i❑ Iirrtir}i Cc,
lumbia ,ununan zed 43 iniernadonal Audies
that rJrmonstn+tr,I reductions in' collision frd-
queucy rates iimgmg From ii" +, Ct 100 %, after
implemcnuttiOn ol'trtfiic cidmin.q mew wis!.
A Owlish stud, sh(,,ved lh:u. in comparison
v,•iih (ontml streets. 72, 0 fr,rcr fnluric; lie
aured +m expera :ennil streets incorporating
a valiefy of traffic calms,, na-a-shn•i in addo-
don In new sp(cd Tuning rcquornaLL
i\.s a result of the su,cesstid c.fl om, in otilor
countries, deem is de,eloPing interest in traf
fiv talmirliq in the tiniwd $naps, imd the Fed
eml Highway At fin; cdstnrin", in ;rcuptaeri(m
with dac lnstitute of Transprnindon f-lginecrs.
has initiated a :::(ion al mdfic C:i)ming ieehni-
Gt+i ✓'' ;yes. 11. "e mam"terl th.a prote ^t,ve of Sneed humps 41 re^uprg c ula
pede >thtin tnuries vt residential neigh[ >orr+oods.
hte:hndz. Wr' corid:vcci a I'lWhed cas8- onIInl Study over a 5-year pehotf among
ci:ildren seen In a peCia, lc er.:ergenr�• departmert after being stfuc4 by an automobile.
Rosutts. A multiv?: :ate conditional logistic regression analysis shoved that speed
hulllps t;er2 "r's: ock3ti4 will +oww odds or children beinn lfiJereo lylihin their rielghbor-
hood ;r4ustf j od(t5 ra!lo (ORI =0.47) and i)eing struck in front of their home (adfufited
OR= 0.401. Ethnicity Not not socioeconomic status) vas independemly associated ynth
child pedoswan tnjurl -s and was adjusted for In the regression model.
C :;,z; sbnr;. 01" flidtngs Suggest that Speed h :rnlos make Children's hying envifon-
mems safe. ?Am 1 wane HeNth. 2004;94:646 -650)
cal s-t,tanre pnnJr(•t. Howex•r, the nvgnrity
of aiddy : fudi .0 f ivits;ug on trxlfir rxLring
nteilvrrs hate agseised ocaxtcnt sladsuc ha-
fore and Idler tnstalladou. and then: c: no
nvadabir Jmspital b:ve J inlonnotion on rhr
spec,fic ,heels of Gnesr Intrnventluns on child-
hood pedc:Irnat injure'
Oakland has hisn,rv:nac been one of the
nuael dangcrcm: +'itws in California in which
In i)e a pl:d, strian, 0.011, Ling, for exa,nple.
the highrsl tats of pedestrian f didilios among
the state's cities in 1!195 I'r In that [•earn eficr
a 5Prics of C11tid prdrsuian dcndcs, flit, Oak-
land 1Ldrstna: sarcl, Prejcc; wa:. Gfmled.
Th ;; milli lia•il'dn :nn• edwncc whigcssed Child
and >+.unr pctiestriinn iufurirs uuxunug in the
cI U ;i;ianii :md adVOCULcd fm' installation
of speel hmaps f Jvrr Ihr :5 -yVir lx!ritxl
1999 to 2000, Oaklv,d installed about 1600
speed humps on msidcuunl streets. In dlis
study, we ,....mined Ili: eff xt vrregidigk nu n
:tool ,till: sp+vsl hum)rs oil Ihr odds of rht(d
pedestrian inie i, s in 0b11,luad.
METHODS
%V. cuududed a mnt(hr:d cave— Contln!
study among Oakland res, :L :lit; enurgcr damn
15 ycios nvrr the 5 -pear period March 1.
J995, to',Jwdi 1. 200'" Cast: paients wcro
cJtitdern who ,earn sccu in the emery;ca;v de-
paatinrnt at chiidmn :s l lospihil Onkland :Jeer
546 I kese;a,:li ami nrar;iu+ � anHIF- "evc -tl , ii sec• of .+,.
having heen snuck and injured by an awo-
mohila on a rx:sidcudid street. Sine: this hos-
pital mcviveg all pediamc ambu)ater bauma
n,intports Andoding denths on the seem)
from the city of 0akhwrd, it was considered
an appropriate choice to target (11110 pcdtioi-
a•u injured in 0aldwid Case patients wen:
oach compwi:d pith 2 n:- pcctive controls
mntehcd in rcilard to age and }aleck( ,lie
popose of the study ,vas In derermina
whether these rhildren who had beun struck
by automobiles were any less likely to line
near it zpeeil hump than their lwen, who
lived in the come city bouialarius bat visited
Ihr emergenn' room that dal, for It ienson
,ithrt than being hit by it car
\ \'r identified ase pndcnts ruwAlle iaively
froth a trannvt database aging lntemnnonaf
(.•kiss frnriai ofDamaser, (901 Revision)"
1': -axle }[814.7 (ovor vehicle. traffic accident
involving colk lion with a fiedes1dan). clues
leer: limitsl to those un'rlsing children your-
g, r than 15 years who were rt:sid(nls of die
city of Oakland and who were injured or died
;u a result of the cnllisinn. We mvium!',
charts wort cinf rgencp medical sevtce dill.,
: ht•ees to eliminate parking lot iajuri(cs. in-
yni,s invoving bicyclist, who had been mis
classified ns pcdesbians. and uijudcs.vuffrred
by children in driveway rollover collisions In
addition. we re,•icwod tntlic relxrrt data from
the 0, laid Pufica: Delmilin ld. primarily w
Mac :-Can lcwvir er Pe:NU: neehl, {qM 200 but 911, Iln a
0
•
•
confirm Irxati,m, o; ," hsions. )Chen n"cm-
nary, wt' rev,e„ed onimmi WE reports Iii,
fir-tht' clariYicahan.
We nNo rp'natvd u%r auale>i, (r, chd<hcn
inlurvil rn• Wed'ichnl 0._'S ml MA kill! of
home will meta n :0001. Wl t." try ilco,r Ill itIc
,vhedi"r Ju injury rx it Im -d on Il ie etn'ar
hlnc•k of Iht chil(! s re,Idrnre f k !r ,u'r1 by
Aludl's ct al.` a, lhr "ind: s ,urrf1. I,;tllin a
02fi-nli ralin; Iy mn 5 hkw6. e4mi mil
die "sa,m!mding ueig Ibprhn•,d'(I or al n
alone (futon. !orannn „101m Ulf wal.'111e
type of sure, on sheen, it child Lord e.it, das-
sill0d s, illi the street wja, as mill. ?` 0III) chil-
(inll 1.r Sidi n:i rnI minor I nd, i,n•pi: i, nun I
stneO) 1,'ctc rligiidv G:, till, amdy, horanoll
,gmed lu Ili, p, acv In ill iled oar un,urh mad:
t.I Sung nn it .t0 (.1 ,.0th t; y I'd 11 nrnp, nr
wiihitl I h!od, ul •: sp,:rd hwnp, ,,:el oil
iii glal PrIO,, ouiohh'. "T &I data
linen the D,pialw l'm nl' EngOrrnnh
in Oakland to dnrrnam lilt- nNI Mining
,an[ darn of iL,wf,in,:n d sperd 1um,lis tDc
p:utmcnl ul'I,mine Hsginrge,iuc,, nnpuhli.hed
data. 1995 -20.HO Spoil 11MIA" That „rm
luenlcd nn dlo nlla, s :Jr� n( Imnlnrp ur ser-
ondan- nnni, (mimeo( nr ll1% lo Vd!ru Oita
the dt:b.' of da. injnty „vR nni rn i idored.
13 nlrn!i000li, vT rnrtdled ends vest pa
Lima, meor.wils M app: ;;t'nd M and data d
cmatycna• drpaltmrnl 14,11- „id:. 2. (,0111111
sewn ill the, :me,7tenr•1• dcPuumud 01:11 smug
day fol 11 reason "1.l :or than hosii ,Vnwk be a
can \'C( Oclllilied atl di;;ihk !tm.trnls sl the
same se'x and with the am,) Yr,a .u! hug, a,
dlr, cam pnoen! Inall air J: !y log and mn-
dumiV ,r1. "Vd ° •turn u.1. M, m ;ls In MAW
in ,: hi,h Ux•, I; scs- Ictv'r thin 21n*Ila d pa.
tienel boil in Ihr r;sIIv t ".n' ai; Ill, Caw pa-
hent. We mad:• o rnntinni rlrti: , m scan'b
the 1 mar ahute ur halms Ih(, a),k: nl' dlry cnss
On.s L and Own 2 kcal :, abort (f hr,!ria' ;uid
so ern. Until n M L ;!Ill Corm'.', m'aS Id CIltillcit
a nlUOJs ,eevr 6111111
owlet lido nI o all l
2 w-r rs of case p uipom
Controls ('akl:n'l Pale
(cnCS lrtnlg nn rrsidcridill'Im"lli t %. r}h
IUChs! iofnnrediuu bn 0!hnlraa and onwwlcr
Aasis lrlassilh,l As p-11 at ", fill h1i:', )I "d fpac)
boon nlo,bcal rv'cnnta hi will I, al F.
wed the sl.s of pan "ll and ovuroi houst.-
told s..,Fin" 11:911 crow, data p,I Incih:m
Ito, n(huld meanie „oil l an ill rajr p.oirnt "I
,"mQ, (roils iNCL an Ins, (SU--S ?5736).
modans 157:37 -00 11 h ur hioh Now
than lU 119;'I F"I'lly, sir• ex:natneai the
record, rd ors paMI> and cunhrds 1. aster.
!ail the pre,enn: ul cc :rnsn prcvxiiaing day
no,k -s. such at rc'n:hrad pulsl, mental rcunda
bon, paeapicpld, and developmrnnd ddny.
Ihnt ,<¢dd hu,r ;.ifr(aed t!teu' ,alkily ahilils•
:u,d, thn.. I!:, I ponlin :d to he cxpfecd aN
pr(I pt; r:a ni a auaanobilI, iodic
StaliaG(a) :aril: _!:: ,vvti, p, rformed ,vidl
SIant ,oC,vnI v (Show Cwp. Collor Station.
lcx). We u5rtt `,kSrnitu• land it pairs amalc.
u•s in rxmn(nun! the 2(1(1 case - control plan,
i 100 rip p licnb ra)rh toop .0 2 r±ul-
irolci. \('hen a Ili, . for n, nwlp prcncC ,,T
ayain.I dlsca <e, them .v,- spire eacr'•nntrnl
tills . ill „lush the cnsr iad:, land tilt' c"aw"'I
Ito') do pro nve ;attar owl the convene.
Sriumvin W" While ansy"n Knot on All,
pirae. ( mmo tlarl hoolloyc :oriole. Will Ire
sumnve status to set0;n ini(' ,chr4hrr then
wcm indepcndrw.lacdirlr :n of rllild pod".,
Imai wp n(s Ours signilv%ad (P <.05) vari-
Alr, mm. d lcman .d. w0 conAni ti d a nail.
ti,+niacn ('ulatitumal inpsiir mold
U1al u:d11r!rd on v they„ ivannbtrs
RESULTS
'Al' I,b.' MNI 214 !u bviduNk no had flem
.teal :n 111' 1 is"W neY dvp+a"'ll"a dorinri the
,Indy Ir✓ !'d and hail hrirl a"Kner I:u1. lAodl
o1l,:rfU 7. 11r elinlintticd '32 potential tau, la:r
outs, hcreuxr Ihr; It) wcrc rim rakiand rcl,i-
dentsatthr him, of odnli�= nv, 12) „ell, injunxl
Will "Onk!alri, Ci!,lcr malt' date 1.13005
ol'age. (1) t,rr.- blcyrlu!s %,llu had b"cu me.
cL�`dite! Is Ivglo:r, (yaws. Ill (5) had boon atinvd
by w p!ls'oninilr hacking ill within n dliii -mly
or park;ug Inc \\'c rfnlinated an nddinnnal 84
;xrtl:nhul pahrns, Immiss dmy either 1X0,1 on
nn;utrty suret or had been lnl :nrtl uunale of
U1,'ir neapfdu nfalrrJ, yirlcfi(%a Iinxl s4vi; Sin:
ILL,: of Wit r:nr (inputs
Caen. patleitL It ...I ryIla ok w1'tt: 101111ar Ill
ii8tr larn'(hold incmlw� and pVInslion ,nth
an undrrlaisg I", Ili "bld nrumdrl clnpmrm
,:d di,'.nlp ( rddr I ) ('l,o p?Iir,it, men:
n1Urt hLck, to by Asian or of t hispanic ell,
nicul'.'I -Is. odds n ,\sine OnAhlon having
yr,... ice -otsrd ns a prdv,h,,m ill an accident
A c1.PWIm mot"
wore 5.8 Lmes a< high as those for Whitc
MW 110018), and the odds of Latino
(hildmil Ming been incnlved were 13
times a< high (11= .038). Admitting dtagnc srs
of c,ndro!s up ❑vaTUc ml requW from the
nutbors
Unadjusted odds ratios IORs) dc•timil lion,
it Tinspi "d pairs w,aivsi.4 Ammill a p Wmbva
cffea ill'>perd humps. In cmllpuison tv,th
c'hildilin thing more than a Mock Irnm u
speed hump. those living within a block of a
speed hump „'ere signillctudly ittm likely u,
he injured as )n•desdwom Mm dwir will -
barhood (14".h as L;Sr!:,; Oil =0.50; 95nn
confidence intrrcal [Q —0.27. O
(Tahie 'p Among the 100 me pativoei, -19
sere acnla;it hit nn the hlnck in front of
their hums (.odes smeru. As It cuhset, these
dodos Imm rven Ices Uktle to hair a
nearby speed hump thaw Mvk cmmnk (120
w 2410: OR ==1.1.38; 9500 =illy. Q901
011ble 2).
We perfonned ,ninvaratr Iogisun rchTCs-
.situ, nualyscs usingboth prt•ditanr canables
and included rice said ellinidg, in the instill.
Ailey rnnhnl for late and etiltlicip,, slaved
honlpi wore uscnriated ,elth .5,bmifiamtly
lowix Adds of children h"iug injw'ed in their
n,i.0 borhrnld ladjustccl OR- -0.47; 95 °fi CI =
0.24.0.95) and hiring struck on the b!oelc ,m-
nus!iatcly it, flen nt'their home (adjnsled
OR = 0 40: qY°o 0=0,15. 1 06) flsblc 2)
DISCUSSION
In nor obse vatiunal study, we found that
e hildr(,t l,ko lir,^d l:nhtn A binrk of a Sired
hemp Lad IsloiticIDldy lower odds of fs al'l
suvtk and injured by an alltn oribile in thin -
rlcighbnrha,d. I.ieing Wallin a Moak of a
sliced hlunp ,vas asr nciated with a roughly
2.fo'.d retiuttinn in the !Mils of injury within
ours neighborhood ladlusted Ott= 0.47),
11115 proledive e.ffCCt was even snore pree
nuuured nmmlg the suhset of c'hildr'en who
tsar Injured nn the boor k ,mmctivanly in
h-oni . ut thew bnn,c !index >trccd. Children
living w'illis a block of a speed hump ekhib
accl a 2 n-rold reducdoo m the ndds of heidg
iuluml nn then .Uect (adjust"' OR =() A)
These It : ;adLs highlight the effectiveness of
,peed hom!>s In N(lin ing child pctlesirian
njuric,.
'esre- en0. Pre, Rea -ned I R_loa;Hl did Procure &17
TABLE I— Demographic Characteristics of Case Patients and Controls
•
Exposure to Traffic
Increased esplwure to imiTir fc� pr•r,allg
traffic it high vOftame and speed` is it ro:own
risk ranee fur chid pcdrahian injiuv S[eaen-
um and rolivagn,es shawcil dint en innrt1se
in tOlklrnv of )0l) rvhirjl, per )rtrun Is asSOC'r
of vchidt, ru erdinti tilt pulled speed limit u
essncintrd, 11 iW II j410 I' odds or 0 it6 pt¢iys•
trim injtun•s, u r, Lt add it; nn it! flit type or
sheaf, tilt. nunlper urslrnaty 11ML chiidnnt
miss on their way In srhonl stems to afrrt't
iliml, nisk.”
i
aced with an int'rem„ nfnl increlllt +of nin(alt
2.0 in rho adds orpedesh'oan intni 1, :her'
age ap:•c•ds inlct•Ira tin s n•els anr'',i0sc r &ancv
aged with ink of inprr3', and :n lenr.! L sbuhc,
have demoran'an'd dint a hydtrr pnmim .bon
Need for Passive Environment
Modification
f ;ivec• the r0nmmsPlip h,•hrt•rn rxpnsuro a,
Iral'fit rind I:,k of child pedcsoian unpllics, we
TABLE 2 —Odds of Pedestrian lijury Y7llho a Child's Nelgtlborhood and Odds of injury on a
Childs Indoc Strout of Residence Mon Child's Home Is Within 1 Block of a Speed Hump:
Multivariate Model
' :Yb`PoIIraL Cot. "u'a'$Vfi2AL
I it -1001, V:,. pv1 le ^2001.140. {ii 0 R I C1' Adaal,MJ OR 1,95 %C1).
neigdomnaed <nerr .7;:41 4E k737 050 12;.'.1891 041 {t1.2d, 0.45)
Irides suael,X ;: ;ry 6(171 7e, Pat 0.3 %ry 15.0.511 0.4n „0.}5.1061
1 4'OIE. OA ° CCCS rnl'd: Q � rdm;Ceaf:O ,rRrva,
'pic':SVd 1: dm MtN ^.ear m3lchfi Cdn {ana:,Y,S.
I °naiglla:PC PAm mdl:ro:Wta ,ledei ng,;INnC:"r.
I
C`a8 r Pesearon eru PraaaGr Pen ke'.,I ,vv 709fe, cn w.
I
i
have essentially 2 prevenoon stmlegies at our
disposal: we can protect children imin rase:
moving traffic by morhfinadon of either their
hebdvinr nr their trnllic env'imnment 'j litre
have been multiply allcmpts to mollify dnd-
dreli s behavior, including school training pm-
gmnls.l' traffic dubti' drsignled in educate
parents and diddmn ghoul safe behavior on
streets.'” simulation gain( s,1') and rommunin'-
level mo::rvrnuun5. "' N,r me ill part, how •
ever. these educations) offiras h v been un-
able to exert meaningful changes in the low,
lean Lafiaeior ofcluld en, largely owing fn
the devclnpmrvnal timit:uimis ar preschool -
aged JI lib`s n -„ As a result, a peal, deal or at-
Lennon has shifled to envir ul l morlifica.
tiun turd die promi . it holds fir affecting
chilli pedesuim injury rates.
Focus on Neighborhood Injury
'I he delib,•,nte focus or nur shady vvn.5 inn
pedcstnon injuries occurring in, a child's nwii
nt'ighborho,ld fderinr>i here as within a
0.25 -mi mdius of the child's home) as op-
pov;d to all iniurlys. including liwse occur.
ring at moa, distant sites. We hwused on
such injuries uee.iusc alCoottatl children leave
their 1leighhorhoeais with adults (and often in
autamrtbilrs), most of floor mnnnpemsad
emu is Ucly In he neap home, in addition,
the daii'ic calming mMhods we axxminod
can br applied only to residential suaot& One
8-vl!ar study drat rxamiucd fetal head in-
judes revealed that injuries to pedesni,uts
were the most conunon rruq: of idal head
injuries and That 53a. of those injured were
playing in die so'cut at the time of the iniur}'.
OF the 135 ucciderds that fell into dill catc-
gorp'. 0103 1 involved a dull who had been
under adult supervision at the time Of the ae-
ndenl Idle remaining chilcin:n had been su-
perwsed by SiblmTK or otter duldien).
l'h(, same qudy showed U1at 800!„ of fatal
Pe'Iminan injuricc had adten place. •.violin t
mi f l.li km) of the child's honu:" Among the
144 chiidrrn wr inil.ially idrniifial far biis
study, 125 (6S >;:) was, eligible for the sblcly
breause Their input' ucau'red within 0.25 mi
o0iomu (die othrr Jtldmn were diminna•d
hecunse they lived on ariydal btnrels). lliere-
fore, nur date suggess Unit mugidv own Childs
of injuries occur within the 0.25 mi sunnuud-
ing a child's home, Pat lye interventions that
Amenean JD rnai of Publr, Henan : April 200-1. Val 9e,. NO. a
Lva: Pei ;fits
Can,nis
r�i00)
io•70q
9dd =. kato
F'
MAfe.lt. Cfil
661b81
13615F1
..
...
Ages rl(RD)
eA(3.5)
6.6'3.71
.,
A3
Evon:oly %
` 'NNW
3131
16 (31
AelCxr.:c
2.4
187
i (,A4ne Nr,¢rdanf ome:
l7 t11)
i'i' -0 is
32
i H'¢Gnr,c
22 i22)
I , li:.il
.,
MS
M,an
,5 M)
15: t51
5.f
.Gl;
A;;tnnr flatus
poyalelrYlnl:xt,
li ili)
43 f:i Sl
kelor ^u;
Poe:IC,(sua0c=
TS(78)
147 t7.3 i',
1.3
.351
]eq -pay
.`: (5;
Pt,pl
2
1 .
Hoselnld ICCome.5 Marl ",: J3r11
Ilie 030115;
ni 021
32 C:L5';
Faleaae
Mn-n,011!5; 37. iD 1151
;51151
1;[(68)
lF
1115
I Lou jO- IS)381
111!131
25:!2
Pr .0'edd,asnes
d ns:nlal reoriluuon
br relc;,nxn;nl de' +q'
11iCl
3i1.5,-
...
+Vte.AVl:9!IF.:P A^aly:Y of Ap. E:hn¢'tY,
ice+,lay::.AStat6t, i10::F,1A,l0,r.Cwne.
3l:o plC ,ce if
y,Erreth,A nizF;mvl
shmvad Cie, ante nlhnfeily aasj!lileperrkAO
+ nssnnaten well thihl lreersniaa ;n(;,q
Al; eC;cln ?d!,ur.o:niNr.,cri;orr.bc
•
rcg:essma and }ses.lm:ey!lar,:g..:.n:rh:;as a 2rniicd
test of meant
'Case Platns ano o,rtrvsnene 1 VTen -J ttdlie o'xence At arv'pt ae $111..nng grer.om:r 413gno:ac
tm:ara: [,Alit.
i mental, eta ,731cn.gJ.rl, lee Ll,rlolly�a, a „n le. eJolincli 01F.,
•
Exposure to Traffic
Increased esplwure to imiTir fc� pr•r,allg
traffic it high vOftame and speed` is it ro:own
risk ranee fur chid pcdrahian injiuv S[eaen-
um and rolivagn,es shawcil dint en innrt1se
in tOlklrnv of )0l) rvhirjl, per )rtrun Is asSOC'r
of vchidt, ru erdinti tilt pulled speed limit u
essncintrd, 11 iW II j410 I' odds or 0 it6 pt¢iys•
trim injtun•s, u r, Lt add it; nn it! flit type or
sheaf, tilt. nunlper urslrnaty 11ML chiidnnt
miss on their way In srhonl stems to afrrt't
iliml, nisk.”
i
aced with an int'rem„ nfnl increlllt +of nin(alt
2.0 in rho adds orpedesh'oan intni 1, :her'
age ap:•c•ds inlct•Ira tin s n•els anr'',i0sc r &ancv
aged with ink of inprr3', and :n lenr.! L sbuhc,
have demoran'an'd dint a hydtrr pnmim .bon
Need for Passive Environment
Modification
f ;ivec• the r0nmmsPlip h,•hrt•rn rxpnsuro a,
Iral'fit rind I:,k of child pedcsoian unpllics, we
TABLE 2 —Odds of Pedestrian lijury Y7llho a Child's Nelgtlborhood and Odds of injury on a
Childs Indoc Strout of Residence Mon Child's Home Is Within 1 Block of a Speed Hump:
Multivariate Model
' :Yb`PoIIraL Cot. "u'a'$Vfi2AL
I it -1001, V:,. pv1 le ^2001.140. {ii 0 R I C1' Adaal,MJ OR 1,95 %C1).
neigdomnaed <nerr .7;:41 4E k737 050 12;.'.1891 041 {t1.2d, 0.45)
Irides suael,X ;: ;ry 6(171 7e, Pat 0.3 %ry 15.0.511 0.4n „0.}5.1061
1 4'OIE. OA ° CCCS rnl'd: Q � rdm;Ceaf:O ,rRrva,
'pic':SVd 1: dm MtN ^.ear m3lchfi Cdn {ana:,Y,S.
I °naiglla:PC PAm mdl:ro:Wta ,ledei ng,;INnC:"r.
I
C`a8 r Pesearon eru PraaaGr Pen ke'.,I ,vv 709fe, cn w.
I
i
have essentially 2 prevenoon stmlegies at our
disposal: we can protect children imin rase:
moving traffic by morhfinadon of either their
hebdvinr nr their trnllic env'imnment 'j litre
have been multiply allcmpts to mollify dnd-
dreli s behavior, including school training pm-
gmnls.l' traffic dubti' drsignled in educate
parents and diddmn ghoul safe behavior on
streets.'” simulation gain( s,1') and rommunin'-
level mo::rvrnuun5. "' N,r me ill part, how •
ever. these educations) offiras h v been un-
able to exert meaningful changes in the low,
lean Lafiaeior ofcluld en, largely owing fn
the devclnpmrvnal timit:uimis ar preschool -
aged JI lib`s n -„ As a result, a peal, deal or at-
Lennon has shifled to envir ul l morlifica.
tiun turd die promi . it holds fir affecting
chilli pedesuim injury rates.
Focus on Neighborhood Injury
'I he delib,•,nte focus or nur shady vvn.5 inn
pedcstnon injuries occurring in, a child's nwii
nt'ighborho,ld fderinr>i here as within a
0.25 -mi mdius of the child's home) as op-
pov;d to all iniurlys. including liwse occur.
ring at moa, distant sites. We hwused on
such injuries uee.iusc alCoottatl children leave
their 1leighhorhoeais with adults (and often in
autamrtbilrs), most of floor mnnnpemsad
emu is Ucly In he neap home, in addition,
the daii'ic calming mMhods we axxminod
can br applied only to residential suaot& One
8-vl!ar study drat rxamiucd fetal head in-
judes revealed that injuries to pedesni,uts
were the most conunon rruq: of idal head
injuries and That 53a. of those injured were
playing in die so'cut at the time of the iniur}'.
OF the 135 ucciderds that fell into dill catc-
gorp'. 0103 1 involved a dull who had been
under adult supervision at the time Of the ae-
ndenl Idle remaining chilcin:n had been su-
perwsed by SiblmTK or otter duldien).
l'h(, same qudy showed U1at 800!„ of fatal
Pe'Iminan injuricc had adten place. •.violin t
mi f l.li km) of the child's honu:" Among the
144 chiidrrn wr inil.ially idrniifial far biis
study, 125 (6S >;:) was, eligible for the sblcly
breause Their input' ucau'red within 0.25 mi
o0iomu (die othrr Jtldmn were diminna•d
hecunse they lived on ariydal btnrels). lliere-
fore, nur date suggess Unit mugidv own Childs
of injuries occur within the 0.25 mi sunnuud-
ing a child's home, Pat lye interventions that
Amenean JD rnai of Publr, Henan : April 200-1. Val 9e,. NO. a
•
CJ
•
rethme c.h11d pedestthir Injury an: likel_' iu
he of grvnu:r he:nefit to nI re., where <hdllmll
are prone ro ytt•nd tin's ':'ithutit Mm
In sin, siatl:, SIBS,. y, a'1: a :1;mibcanr in-
depelli predictor of Add pedenlrinn 0-
lur:. Alucller anti cndragur, I'uield Ih:u living
in a emwe trait qwl a owwwo hoWSOhuld its
romp IcvO in , S20000 .: an w- Willed
I Wt 751111 h p&r odds :d hj"y than living
in n mn::v5 to n-.vu At L n"tii pirm rNl NVO
ahorp S-Y1000! Olht'r rrx','IwN pol:u> to-
Nand all ii.SSn!'taLiu) i berworlt nLlnLSICf! i'loets
of pt•de.h'lnn iujnn' and 4dr :er SIiS. a; ap-
pmxlnatrd Ill rf•lmv, bail ol'17adi -rim? Neu
tial nurdehnt! of c'ou>u< and uln.l idler data
stoo'.'rliAlic ulfunu ii,n) - y's!cITC- and
mole indirixt aKh as
lip nlg near a con" rsif-n(v ,'ilk nue croon, (ir
14 ford snore
it I: liussih:r than, in,•ur la'4, :Jution,
"n: nnu :Jrh :nq" .�;to OIc 't',06 jiiS ,.,as not
foseel io be an indcl,cudrnl ri.k fnrtor, case
pnricnl. v.N.v 11,11 nllecln'd .6 41 t'0311.1171K pit
SITS. hr:( ;I lo.<(r slis :, aaccia:(•d I,ilh
both inermsrd II Js us[' inlm'1'" mni miat'IUt•c
Odds::f an cnhergria.:i
choosing cunn'olr lion nm pmI'rpen(:a J.
pnrtoICnL Iola{' 11MV reslJ ±::d it) twerintoch og
TO Wnris of 5C5.
Limitations
Our Stud" nook"•: psi :'utinl9nl'thndn!ug.
imi HiAw!inlrs for cxarpio Wowing nOO-
s ^,ueulrnt to pef t hu ml',. r,;: u,rlidif< trim.
IJmnres Ihr potrullai protrrli•; r, rlTcd Gaped
hump> arrmnd the corn ^r fmili it Chit) :S
hc,usc.'I'hus, rt huelfrs tat.
(ml to an indr; .arc: bnnher Cal in a i.lduck
mdiush sx ma.' Kom unjorWnated Be K
cam( lava of VX,arLITM In Lois inttrcennon.
MAIN would hive offered oar, astima0ml of
the 11 LLr1 \v`nhprj> pnilePtlPP alit �]Ch
Them or awn Gnita hm; W oleed qidl
our study sannlc While roWiil ^„ on ruler
Vnq dMuWMIL A05 NA"d OW IV M'
I rpnrated high(n' Srtcril� injivic: f.i; ciuding
Jeadn Ilgmirs fill« 'u:D: n,+l rri'ur(r'd t6
the empn,[cncy owdic:J sorvlr'ea (:nal for
,Slid, r dWmn City have: barn taken by
lh(;ir Castilla Pr Owir ny ;uhn d9oho') :nnld
hove been mr >ed. Ili, ctuuli6 awau that our
sainpk+ wm tirepn-scntcJ 14,a r ueuny in-
jures. It is alirr pusp4dr th.n Win'smttplc un-
denepmsenod y anger rhildreu, in that
children yl ny, own i pops am more
HQV to br &I u1 their Jrar.uty (orwo by a
bn:lonp ev P\fluded rhil-
drrn In rid, age group rit'lt) mn'stntly I'(-
r,ause suih injuries art, not tdntrd to the
Raw of stow teal it.
mina it is ptrsihlr that signifiicani coo-
fn :wdin4 kirtvrs -vpn' not u;idm5srd in This
swot Snow n>anrell ,.oggrsls ilia(. the
pncsener ul .ids irlks Is not it e Itilicaln
y'nnlri!:ut.fa to adds of i;iJ : :ry; t- a nd other
rI's'a mh slilp . that the presence ofsido.
vAh I, a ,u nog rKk favor, s,ilh an odds
rs"Jo n' 11.0 i \%e a•nllll ha: v gibed to Con -
u'vl for 11;c pa's "ore of >!rlr'vralks. Ill[ dn-ry
'.11a ;v Ilri rehuiair rein fl), live data o;I =ide-
waM or cos!) pn: once a milahle to do AL
Also. ,ina notch of the earlier litvi of o,v
poul!s a, tuv,rr SHS :v,.: risk faCtur Car child
gcdcstrian Injnrc, the raemn for nun inrhil-
ity to w1w,'duce Oii. ri'Idlanihip mac have
!men Ihnl the lan+:ry -le used In appnuxi'
,,,at,. SIiS—rcnsu: Iran 'nou6rhold inconu'
and nu'ditul n.rur:mri•.lelu"Aw nuq:pru-
priatr p!'nxirz for SIlS
CONCLUSIONS
117. WWI I Olit .yard it uulri Hen`
atcd i, ^.111 :, 5:i' "i•. ho R)Iso rrduclieo in Ihr
odd. eI npun' 01 ticatll nnnng I ;hildrcn s ne k
Q. :a: env L n siv us[ Star ncinhburhned.
Mao• lindmg, invite additional research on
tile In?lecti"r eflects'll "iffier calming inter.
i'rntiunc an n16cr It frann•wnI'It ftn'sntdy'inb
pcdcatrhvl it juries Its 1016oll In ph�Nical in-
u:nrotiuos ialnicn "sited vvhlcn a Inc,dizr ;J
gmgmplee region. Alter con Milmlion of
tile, pn ?ircti.e ail d, or >peed hoop" ."Wild
K scful and Could hr• ❑ug;nceloi by addi-
unnal mfnn enwil on : bhp signs or of io, fic-
his dw Ivnub l alien AM Ing darroxes nn ci-
liver At of a spec:! hnnp. Our;tud.+ Prrkidea
ma Ob.r. n'utiuual l• :Idcrro That spend
hnnp., Isis: ass(i iatcd kilo a reducttnn in III,-
odds of cbd.dhu ici pe(d5hia❑ injuo,l, and
supports the m3tallefioo of livvd burnt, by
tenth" enpncmug Q.trtnrnti. ■
About the Aalhors
.11 Ihr; rin:r n('au' dad :p just 7rl. -r rrq a n¢d ;eLLtlwfnrr
its d, 4 :mr :"alorCa! ow, Sro Frtu :nxo"I'd all
Ayni 2004. yq 94. No. 4 • All, ,yn Jovrtva o•. Pebr'C Hei ail
a tl'll i'um6t5ur of tl: r`'.: rt :rmur/ q! ( -a *,,ew!f. hif
Germs IT Arrh p h stet pis 1h7wnmertt it larr(nnr
aS+Ay and 151 41 I,a, It du• ('aun+v r "fevIlrin m, San
I7a)rr.ao). Sr hap! u(,lfrxftarw_ 2atnnnl I,W d vn trig Cad,
tn'+I+I: n0 /r,., ),air a4 [.!rf,oa,y Ir' HWft,>fi r(AC+md!
fill ('Lrhl+rn. I!nyntfu oral J(esrnnil r"'AT at (kkfad
flryanixw n /niun Jrouhi qr sr,v lu Jrmr,10 Ikve+'
:ND, 11PIr. eh, t, vnr of ('fAdrrnt '101Plr111 Oakland
7.17 : ?rti 5., OakL'rd. G 1 :i 1609 Ir real! nc :rtntn {c
Fbl f a'so'( t,fel
Tn:c art::; (a Iro ,c:zpruf .Ilnrrp 2. YtlfJ'i
Contributors
i :d. T,mvr. C"oroot, the Mlld}, Ireroamiti all ann!..n.
wrJ Imi the onmtg pf ih" truck C \\! aalln•rl A ss-
FlSa:d In Bala dnnlpH4, reerp n'bu10o of f itl!ngs. npa
re'l,¢a. aI 6, "elicit• 4 W&I molnhuo-d m rm y-
Iw:h", ka, "f ukm' d, wall sin ¢ yb" of Or, xrecJr.
St 1\ ll,r.6 :I :end ,,.uudu;teJ n16., .hltil d,rpn xnd
a"ll" 'L.m of Its,, morn,,,"
Ismisledgtrents
'.l'v my urm'ful km Oro n,a hnui''if the mx'rhrnl nyp
,n,i. (tfir +nlui bi 'J it (LJ:IU'ti : I Inq+iui and arrwan L
t'unior a: Oakl.r a . trill 11 -, ha tluwk, b, I.,c M-It"'
.ti¢I \L,ig, \Iapivo, Are). ,. o ,,Drld Irk: in arknmd,
• de r• J, •:rindNIal .u,byuCC 01 L'aalrr4nt D'ohl K",
a'kI, rr Jw (laklm'J fijI,y !)dcmni al I r nil 0ai5unt.
Inc I' mnding mtnir ntwrl ioronmlmn tar Ihrs sooty,
:nrcl the annlwlb:c help ill I Ipnry l?rrii, Milo ptrMlOrl
dine nn Ind hump Imtul!rill h m O„kkuvl.
Human Pard6pard Protection
'ilm cud} ",v " .,V ^d and P,rpnn Irks[ br Ibv anmu�
W.W.II irk'ut, Baird of ('InNMA 1 Lepma and r6 n :arch
G•Ian ,, Ou4ltm: hd,.nad trmunt 1:0n not ,etPUm,l
11 the mvu'„ !:Wan{ Ivannr ;,moots Oid rill a,' rd m
hr mil :araJ rfs Ih, renAgmiittr dun SuJ!ali
References
I (d» «man I).'fhe hi<Ivey olln)ury evmlmi and Ihv
rl,:dnutahrw of'hrl:l :uu1 OdFilnurmt Iulue" Ilnury
t -!n(rl 2 nq0; 1r12'i -52
I'I" La S. WO, x4. liiedn :p
nunanl (Wile,;" Ina; oh, rc'i, f r rhddlnv,d t„•d',,ums r
noiwr eeiv,9r roll \en, rx nnrkan..bn!V:pr. (•amui.
r „Ip, 1'12 .i : - -t 1..G(itl
.l ! h” I Cenyuh ((, Af3t'nauil l_ llnypiq Jl, kul.
gan6i; J 'i Ile' pitlt`anrtingy irf road acndents In rhil(I-
huad in+j Hhhr lfwftir. lil3i ^i :3S:+ -3tii!
A. I(i:a•a I' I1rinugruphlr Wool: au of c1uWh.,,J
pnicvuan uyuns lt'Jtutnr 1995:71; 375 -1x31
.i Rasa r moue c vvy mnlrol nI 199th. when
du v., p, llnn, 1ar4•' IM1,!mrrvc lAOy Htd.'HY -PSR
0 !..enp k Ii).o' Gwa, 51au.r,JCha H,a m�
N'•'aidngiml, DC. O'nar of I'nngvmntinn C"gaweC'.
,. Rmu¢Ad :uum.in Itro,nnrrq Wv YanuOar acts
IGa.f:, .vu: (r u;iu C fi'lrt Pnrkrr,ys ,Some Jfrl,, :rr Ar!ing
tau, l'u' hiausumr IrntiLrlu fur IhLdn.uy `mB9y, 3uniC
79131' 1 -n
r, Applcyard 0 ! tlarb4r. Salto 14ikr1r.�•. fah(' l nr
L. i:nger h. llu'ntsen LK. 9d.CC rgricLa at sIvei is
7P11e1 et W. { Penn Acvieaed I Resea'cv Ward Pfa,M'. r 649
•
•
dtx'ing ;n llamth a• „drv,uni ;u'v.a :4 rd
A Aer, 179;!,!4'17 SS
lC. Cul. /�rnr¢Cu:e,Na /r:rrcur /;g:n::,'h;•rr�rrm (err
in!rgnyRll'hvRc NcnurLt sy.0 »r I:I:C}
!i. lx+mrvf.:nr, @i 1l e.,:l.eueen: :. ✓Ab<rv� Firf lrc:�
aunt G tl,,a 5..,,: •.,4anut. V.i •ri:I i! ,kli O Wrwaw'.a.
nlbu
Thom” (i,cn. Map, :ti0[i
13. CS tins; rl„o7 PPHp ,1, nfi:J,:, „r. hop Ir
16fUUfdirrrntu•,+a'..hn'uYil . \'•n rs'.>m I. _!:!rl
Id. v,k Kll. };,116: i A cRr nxt.
Vol <tt,d'i of tmifir,i,k fa:!r!1 ,wn l .1, J pcai,tdnn i:,.
n,rj' L+:,1 fp,rinsrza: i9Pi 1.i P i % -: /S4.
Ui. Km,c. I•'IIII(I'I FG. Hm,<a K 5 1".. .1'41 1 .
uryr C, MI.\aha, ul. un( „,,.I,v,.yl:•,tw 1,:,,•.L4
,rjwlrt:ir:.,:!A,dnin,nwwli
ovntmi ewtiv Go (1)-,.:. "Jtl,l,
16, Pow It Ha,. knn li, ;',pert ii lrildb ri n , ryuraor
It, tn:lik :wd nsk of sdn!ran ,I :ry i td':
wy 7L,;!Nt m,: 18d NO), „J M,)
17 N,vur,. 1 !.. .kaq;q, x, All 16 y 11
I i4,, w.nn
911,rt1A, n;ci. Ifa.rhr,<,i
149t,68 7711 -SC}
18 \Yv,t R,....... nn P, 1\r,r J. tom „„ ! a ir0o
duh r4i mud sell I. kn,n,6msv ocd ar,birpmoti la•
Iw,dnr „i q,iwrrr rfnl,L,�n ,wd :f>..fr pn:• nt.. ha,LLpd
An' 11,7:1;3541 pr -bIK .
11. {7PIa:RI !.. Sw;,l vine”, t• n!
NtnuipGap q.wty, in t, iY is .„ %C: e.l,e'Alva ,.,I 6nnlr,-
gtumn lb,'•'f „'b••Jr4 f-!SH 74 V17-
.109,
20, IOa",i I ?loth.,) 1''I. MOs, 11 \ \:uter 1, p,:u. Al.
Gmmumn 1 %wd tq:;nr pn'vrmn:n n't•rvrnucr, 15r-
rvrr Chdd :11 1, Iri k'i -11 r,
21, .Shr, plr, P, iu, 7.A• -\, n,4 Pani, A. 1i;a 1a.
C:auxb .:f Will I Nldl �!Od :,mdoa5 un';dv,ng
puT:n N ""IfIvm Krpn. 47'1 - +L ifllf !`P iitttaa m
ir''I.
IIH'1 -1!07
22, 1:6'aia' ^, C..r,ly: I; f,:ur:wZid Pf IA uu!.vnPhic
find rnvinso o,Aal rmrvh:rr, nl p::,lcsi,vn ,n;u1r „n!Ir
pulls „ymltJ nu: h,n 107" ! *ui lit, 001%). ,.
1151 -d9N.
23 il,eh Cw,nml} I'i.1i. l'ae,rkI of ! I. ''tw I !l.utg pat
u•m, nl ,)n,-r ow Wnaa. a <, >:.m 111
1}rrt C<ur
19 138. %1411 ?I .!1 "4
2 §. Hal vm, t lfi. %Y. II, la•La..: li I)nire �rn.:uuif
0110:1 prdot; 3.1 itilnnr.: ,, a: , •,•mud vu•Iv A,b
,runt 1,)'15.45 105 ... n 1,
23 Nom D Aw,:u t'I
µmr� L,<hidm,.,nnn,,v
•rrrn. 19)1 ptI 7-.. i.s
6%0 1 Peseorrh ana Ptatl,ce ,'uae alw, ^_wcu Te4tr c! 3i.
J
AIDS j The Emergence of AIDS
The Impact on Immunology,
1 Microbiology and Public Health
i Edited by Kenneth H. Mayer, MD,
and H. f. Pizer
iseN 0-87553 116,6
20001350 pages I:ohcovel
525.00 PriA Members
536.00 A'unraer.4>rrs
plus;5'com4 and nap ;r,l
. .•..>s u...,,n nor
tln
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1531v 0- (9553.241 1
?D00 11,19 mgrs I Y01: N,'et
5 i35.7 APHA Member
51[,!3$ ;JGnmenabcrs
crut ,h,a✓,'a and!v:ru1. ", ":
ThN vui,lue UouL 1i,I Ili ill, the utiwn, h:trntgti hr,m drt,i
.,iv,tn 111w u, or the iloM 20 rct anti lti hLght> the
n nu�,v;, -drip lital mot', dvantt' ,vnrth,vhilc .(tttr};iiti lur
nn nhann 1 !IV and AID`- in :hr ttrhur. Th, 11 : haytar. im
dtl.i.•� the I, inn Vcnu, the Imtmme System, I low
Ltle. irno n mini l into. The Rtes mu: 11x:
C h.i ilrngr Po., Cbmcal 7 ria 15,'.x:\ ind Urup and the iin,s,
eml ...ow.
TN, book a an ido.v r,-t, for hit, tinui diw.no 1Un
t,al:yL I ltl?i !v;n nth l',+t, 1 Itu6fil hcaiih pnt!i!im%N
I l:lu:itians I All IhlOe tunnel eoj with A[ DS.
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by Dona Schneider and Natalie freeman
The hu'lth of our chi Alron ie a c!i!icai „sue facing our w-
,o!y h da, Tho toll nt ehildh,+„d drollt and dimhiiily
,xhnlds :,di Fcvond the Individual :hill tl eflo:t,tll ul us.
Ihn!rtx +A empuwcrs n'adetn by pr." id wg dc,tr Ipionuutinn
threoL And whoi we can do to F print
1Lr sit lhaetery irr.lmlc Inlp;tiuus Dl,tjase in the
Em nonmo,tC I njur;es and Child Health; llte Lcgat:y of
[,o,t.i; l'm•uu:' monLil C'hcmioilR anti Pcsts; t-hildhood
A.thmr+r.v,d R th:c'irg h�,vny,nmoital Hwidt Via k,, All
AF Imndit of Aiti, 361<• rp •• -A' with chilran is utiluded
P,.dutr,itmt >, dtild health lore pr•irnt:nners and pan'nts
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Amonwn J.rarnal o! Punic Hrarth I Ap ;iI 2004 , Vul 94, No. 4
0
•
CHAPTER 7
Emergency Response and Other Agency Concerns
In 1097 the NUiotr:rl Fire
Proton inn : \ssoriation pub -
li%hed zn article on traffic calming with an attention
.gettine dji, t Pilings That i)o Bwnp in the Night.' � �1;'hiile In six cnuuintrun('s— Boulder, CO: Berkele
balauce(i iu its trcatrilc'It of tho subiect and moderate in In s"x =om(.r
Eugene, OR;
fn tone, the article tray a wake -up ca!! to [Irt• fire chiefs of k Y Cowlry, MD; Portland; and San Diego,
Arneric a. The message k'j U-u their CA-- reactions of fire officials have
vitsl Interests are becu strong enough
thrca[rued by tra('fie rahilinb initiatives. ti: Lrrcipitate illorutoria oil the installation of speed humps,
Wnhuut queitiinl. a major obstat )e .o waffle cahnin , traffic circlet. slid other speed connul measures, In most
in the: l lnitud .Slat. 6 cases, (Once", turned vi oppc" ;tiou when one or both of
sic opposition fniw lire �re tc lie si•r-
%ices.? Iaf)'ic cal rtdoS measures that are effective it sl O%v- the follrnviug coudfuoue were met:
ing or diver tiug automobiles will have the same effect, or i�'lcastues the
sometimes even greater effect on fire rescue eohlrfcs. The re iustoon at such d rapid rate ilaat all
Inca? xtrvels `,could soon be treated,
biggest c hallengc• is in keep (he of -f ct on emergency re-
%�icasures once limited to )peal svicets were extended
spouse times trifhin acceptable bounds or to find Herr R
to hi her order streets that sertrd as priumrY (met
%vat's Ot hit )e,; soil dicening o(hia traffic a•it}toue euh- gency response rouc_s,
s[an[iatte iutpedlilq t'nic+g['nc1' rrspousr. As reported by
the Pnrlkrud. UR. Bureau of Tiatfic. Mauagenu•n[. this Until 1995, Portfsnds Bureau of'l'rafhc mana"'neut
chattouKe mii rtaluity "public policies, I "ffl, "Inling pric_ ter+t'ked well with iLs fire hureau on the des; ,
latiou of traffic rolnriu = },n and instal-
[ices. slid enrcrgone c n =spouse slrate(.;ies that strike a bat- b neasures.There %vas li'e
suh5linn anti semith'ir9' [n the fire bureaus 4- ptiuutP C011- -
anse beaveen the desire for slower and safer trafrii condi-
tions and the de,lro Ins prtinn t emer . Pc,nse tint, };Hal. \4casur's %%ere (hosen With fire-
re cur vehicles ill wind, as when }'ilrtland tesrrd 12 -foie,
14 foot, and 22 Idol bumps %rlth fire irta'ks and polire
cars.mtd decided against kite standard 12 root hump base,,
on the i e ..l(s
let b% 1995. both prereynitiles Cnr Opposition tp tray=
Pic calnriug \%m met. Portland's biR- budget program %vat
Calming local streets at n rate of about 20 pt•r year, L'rner-
geu(q services were seeing; new humps everym here dnu
bee orning cnncor lied. Ph4, starting in 1992. Portland had
begun calming }nigher crde, stre=ets under its collocior re_
cnvery prograw, the first of its kind in the United Sta[c-s.
'['ha fact that only 22 -foot tables, center islands, and curb
externiuus were placed on such streets was small cousola-
tio I for the tiro bureau (see figure i.l ) .
in early 1996. the city cuunr.11, at the fir' bnrean5
rei{uex. impnu,d it Partial moratoriuul uu nt-w speed
humps and uatffc circles until a new clastificatlun system
of c`mrrgenp' routes could be &vlsed.'! he resultiuq
..responso Reid took 2 years to negotiau' and was only
t r(eurl}' appritrcn% b1' rile rit�i (ouncif fsce figure 7.2).
Conflict and Resolution— Portland Case Study
Varying Experiences
Front a national survey conducted n.ytraffic calming .%tall
of Berkeley, C,q, four out Of five cities report "snare con -
cern on the part of enur9ency services o%rr the use of
Speed hurups.' FOrtunale)y 1, or vaPric managers wishing
to irnplem( :nit u.dfic c,+lnt ing rne„suret, It is a lung wa
from "acme coru`crn ahnur speed humps to active opp y
n-
si[iou to all n'affir calming mpastucs
•?=eb4c 7,1 stnunurlr es the positinus taken by fire -
resrue and police deparunan(s of the mmmuui(ies feanlrrd
in this o °port. Police arc g(.nc•raily copporti" :I'Ire end erncr-
gencv medical stall are lot, I,l a fet%, places, Roe officials have
hardly reacted at a)i. 1n ,others, such as Sarasota, FL. and Sc-
anto. \L'.q. )'irc offic'iak npposo(f traffic calming measures
Initially but after some experiern_e tool, a ncanal post-
Zion. Fivallr. drere ate nr[m), canes of tnr;gill cppr,tfthe,
138 • rrafrrc Calming; Slate of the Practice
• Table 7. 1. Emergency Service Department Positions on Traffic Calming.
E
.I L
Community
Fire and Emergency Medical Service Departments
Police Department
Austin, TX
Escalated its opposition to traffic calming—
In favor of humps — receptive to
agreed to 2 years of new hump installations
other measures as yet Untested
Bellevue,WA .I
Negotiating new emergency routes with
Supportive generally —humps
limitations on measures permitted on each route
and other self - enforcing measures
— oppose use of humps and circles on slopes 1
reduce manpower needs
Where emergency vehicles have VouMe i
accelerating
Berkeley, CA
Forced mora[onum on humps until program
—_
No stated positron or neutral
icould
be fully evaluated — evaluation
ongoing — oppose diverters to lesser extent
1
f
than humps
Boulder, CO
Forced virtual moratorium on physical
No stated position or neutral
measures— opposed to humps, circles, and
"anything else that is effective' —expern
menting instead with emergency-response-
neutral measures
i
Charlotte. NC
Concerned about humps on collectors—
—
I
No stated posuon or neutral
fire chef publicly neutral despite opposition
from firefighters
i
Dayton. OH
I
i Publicly neutral due to a supportive city
Supportive generally — instrumental
l
f admnistration— prefer circles to humps
in street closures to fight crime
Eugene. OR
Opposed to speed humps — favored
No stated position or neutral
midhlock de,`IeCor island over chicane on
street next to fire station, and then insisted
on design ;hat rendered measure ineffective
Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Opposed to humps — opposition expressed
In favor of humps to discourage
in survey letter at time of neighborhood
speeding —in favor of street closures
vote on measures
to fight crime
Gamesviile. FL
Opposed to any measure that slows response—
In favor of access restrictions to
mollified if measures are kept off collectors
fight crime — opposed to measures
and arterials
such as semrdiverlers that require
police enforcement
Gwmnett County, GA
I Publicly neutral toward 22 -foot tables
In favor of tables to discourage
Speeding
1
Howard County. MD
Neutral as long as kept off primary response
In favor of humps and other self
rout es —tack of opposition to traffic calming
enforcing measures to discourage
1 may be related to use of 22 foot tables
speeding
on residential collectors
Montgomery County,
Opposed to vertical meazures,particul irly
In favor of humps I
1 MD
Standard 12-foot humps
Chapter 7: Emergency Response Concerns • 139
0
•
•
Table 1.1. Emergency Service Department Positions on Traffic Calming (continued).
Figure 7.1.1saffic-Calmed Collector (Portland, OR)
19 • Traffic Calming: State of the Practice
Nearl), all problem local streets am once again eligible for
the full array of traffic calming measures (set, mhlc 7.2). In
theory, mast residential collectors are also eligible again.
though the fate of the Neighborhood Collector Program
is wxertairi. At least for the• next 2 years, the city council
has provided uo funding, for traffic calming measures be-
cause of a budget shortfall.
Emergency Response Times
Ese i though the publir- purposes pursued by a ,llfic and
fire rd Iiiias are all leg tuna Io, the dehatc oersvicen prnpr,
nrnts of traffic and provider s of'rinerGrncv set
vin. -es ran br intense- At if -, height of disfo.d in unc J a-
Community i
Fire and Emergency Medical Service Departments
Police Department
Phoenix. AZ
Opposed to humps and diagonal drverters—
Against any measure that increases
neutral toward partial closures— cannot stop
workload, particularly turn
hump installations under neighborhood- mitated
restrictions
process
Portland, OR
Previously opposed to humps and anything
In favor of antes as "OUI (driving j
else that slowed response — neutral now
under the influence) catchers"
that emergency response god has been
negotiated
Sari Diego, CA
Opposed to any physical measure on
—
Neutral
j
emergency response routes
San Jose, CA
Neutral
No stated position or neutral
Smasots,FL
initially opposed to humps on collectors—
Initially opposed to humps but now
supportive since completed emergency
in favor of them —still opposed to
response study
one lane chokers,which are due
I
to be removed
Slilue, WA
Initially concerned about diagonal diverters
No stated position or neutral
and closures — neutral Since these have been
supplanted by other measures
Tallahassee. Fl
Neutral
In favor of humps to discourage
speeding
West Palm Beach. FL
Neutral to supportive due to safety benefits
In favor of more measures to
of traffic calming
discourage speeding and more
Closures to fight crime —lacer now
I
precluded by city policy -
Figure 7.1.1saffic-Calmed Collector (Portland, OR)
19 • Traffic Calming: State of the Practice
Nearl), all problem local streets am once again eligible for
the full array of traffic calming measures (set, mhlc 7.2). In
theory, mast residential collectors are also eligible again.
though the fate of the Neighborhood Collector Program
is wxertairi. At least for the• next 2 years, the city council
has provided uo funding, for traffic calming measures be-
cause of a budget shortfall.
Emergency Response Times
Ese i though the publir- purposes pursued by a ,llfic and
fire rd Iiiias are all leg tuna Io, the dehatc oersvicen prnpr,
nrnts of traffic and provider s of'rinerGrncv set
vin. -es ran br intense- At if -, height of disfo.d in unc J a-
0
0
Figure 7.2. Portland's New "Response Grid."
:w"e'.: C "n tl.a., :.'En mrl;,.nr; h, y,o n, (,I :r > and Po, ,mm, Ap; it 199$.
Table 7.2. EligibiI ity for Traffic Calming. (Portland, OR)
Street Type Ineligible Eligible
Problem local 5 775
street seyments i
Problem collector —;D300
segments
5uuxr L..ivm: •dT:AI ,. \i.,u'g,... n:. r. n� of Pvn Luul
cured conunuuit the fire chief st18gt stod, "hue minute is
a long time to wait sshen you re not breathing;"
l he fire chief was correct in one respect. He focused
nn the Ivey issue in e III I get cv response.lime delay. this
section p :o,enu thv best available uwformation on time
degas assts idteli v.ith dillorent nreuures ut diflereul ap
plicanons.
Emergency Response Tests
Several localities have performed controlled tests of speed
L untps, speed tables. and traffic circles to see hose noa:h
delay is produced by them. - lnlliple rues .nc• made with
nmltipin vehicles driven by multiple drivers to estimate
average uavel timv<%%ith traffic calming measures in place.
Thew arc then compared scith travel tithes on untreated
ateets to obtain delay estinlaws A sample test rourw is
slnm'n in fa-we "r 3.
Results of several studies are repotted in table 7.3. Some
tentative com in,ioi s follow:
RCgardless of the traffir calming measure nr fire
roseuo vehicle, the delay per slow point is ucarly aka.%
under 10 seconds.That Can acid up sshen slow poune are
snunp, along; an vnierpency response name. Still, it is lea,
than (he 30,oc:ond delay per hump suggested by critics.'
• Chaptw7:Emergency Response Concerns • 141
0
•
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ROCK RUN DRIVE
K
1
N
■ - 5mrter
�-
TlmorlRecorecr
Austin, TX
12 foot speed humps
2.8 (fire eny me.)
puce.. COnhol
«
Obeerlan eir T.orel
maoo cemn.nmoo
F w
R
A
C
K
A
M
O
E
ro
R
1
E
Figure 1.3. Speed HumpTest Course. (Montgomery County, MD)
$un i'itc asd I,rv..c i_ommi sn,n. "The F(6;as of Spt -1 I lumps end Tr.dfic CuJ,a on Fire -Fh,r
App.ce :. in At,,,, 1997. Appondia F -1.
Table 1.3. Emergency Response Time Study Results.
Community
Measure
Delay at Slaw Point (seconds)
Austin, TX
12 foot speed humps
2.8 (fire eny me.)
3.0 (ladder truck)
2.3 (ambulance without patient)
9.7 (ambulance with patient)
Berkoley. CA
12 -foot speed humps
10.7(hr e ent(Ine)
t
9 2lladder truck)
22 -foot speed tables
3 0 (fire engine)
' 13.5 (ladder trurkl
Boulder. CC
3 foot speed hump
4 7 (foe engine)
12-foot speed hump
2.8 (fire engne)
37 -foot speed table (6-mch rise)
3.8 (fire enc me)
40 -foot speed table l6-Inch vise)
3.8 (fire engine)
25-foot-diameter traffic circle
i 7.5 (fire empne)
Montyomery County, (A b
I 12.1`00[ speed humps
2.6 (ladder puck)
3.8 (ambulance)
4.2 (fire engine)
7.3 (pumper truck)
18-foot-dlamemr traffic circle
5.4 (ladder :ruck)
3.2 (ambulance)
5.0 (fire engine)
7.0 (pumper muck)
142 • Traffic Calming: State of the Practice
nmumrrd an next page
C
E
Table 7.3. Emergency Response Time Study Results(cantinued).
jTable
Community Measure
Delay at Slow P oi at (seconds)
Austin, TX
Portland, OW 14 -foot speed humps
5.2 (fire engine)
4(tire)
2.9 (custom rescue veh¢le)
Boulder. CC
6 (fire)
6.6 {faddcr tuck)
4 (medical)
22 -foot speed tables
3.0 (foe but kj
0,3 (custom rescue veh+de)
.
+
10 (ladder truck)
16 -24 -foot oblong traffic arc :e%
6.1 (fire engine)
31 (custom rescue vehicle)
8.4 (ladder truck)
Satasota. Gl.
12 foot humps
9 5 (amt•ulanze)
Assumes a 36-mph response cruising speed. sn :uc. Lhr,..tbluh +ti dv:wuono tupi9i. or b% the u'all'ic calutlt +G p: ngra:m.
Tra II'ic circh:% appear to create longer delays than Speed
Imullps'Tio, fact nnnt Lr %weighed against they greater
probability of danrage to lice - reuue %chicle% and ill
-
jury to pa t M3 L% And en ref gwar:y Ic,pun%e prrsenIDed tL.rt
cart Iem dt rune hn III p%.
'I'll, 22 -fuut %(teal tebkn appear to create hutter de-
lay, than I-2-root !:•antp,.Thn i, +n expelled given the
higher condonable crus%irg speed of tablei (fur more
nn operating �perd,,See cliap(er 4).Bouldet .%%'et% lime
%petid tables arc the cect•ptions. I tc gfeetcr distances
traveled om the !)mGet able% snore than offwt the little
Savings rcasihnl{ h0bu higher aporating speech.`
The %huVocic dcla%% are esparitiv :rd by ambulant e%
%%idlwot Paden P., die longmi li ' ambulance% %%itlf pa-
t ienc,.Vdhen potientt ha%e Already net ei%PrI basic life
support it the scene and are receiving advanced life
%upp it en route, the latter delays may or inav not be
crilical,rlep(.•ndiug rnnthe nsedir.:al calditinn being treated.
Probably the roust %i,Gnidc •uv rewli% are ohms(- for fire
engines. Because all fife r.tttion% have etnergenev tnccii-
cal rapabi!iue,. tire emgir.•n:rre often first :m the so one
in medical enorgenc ies.Their crrws are trained n) per -
rorn ba%ir lire Support (unuions.•rhan, the de! +n'% then
cXpt'l icnce at traffic. czluring fnea%ures Intro affect loll
perent of cmen_cncy calla.
Response Time Goals
When n.onsidt•r ing the droiay adder' by trallir calming
nfeasurus. tl'n,ught should be ei%en to emergency response
timc%ano times y;! ^.+cy iesponse rim+' goal%. Any dela.' en
rails sonic added i hk to life and property. But f lie risk may
be acceptable a% lung, as response tune goals continue to
be mar. Ro.%ponse• time goals or smeral feamrcd convuu-
nities arc pi,!%e+ded in fabl% 7,47hgy apparently repmsent
a%.ceptabie lecek % +! ri +.6 to file u?mouunifies adopting Lhenn,
7.4. Emergency Response Time Goals.
jTable
Community
J
Goal(minii
Austin, TX
3.5 (fire)
Berkeley, CA
4(tire)
5 (medicall r
Boulder. CC
6 (fire)
4 (medical)
Montgomery County, rvlO
Por ti.nud, OR
Seattle, WA
Snu.n-, luoavir%a 'end un Ne LlnY. -•d durt.mrcr.
given financial comstrainL, and liken' outc'onles in lile-
thrcovr•nimg
C,!ven %ueh guars, And gNen rcath(i: delay est iuwtut.
ronnuanities have au objec[ivo bash for a.sses,ing traffic
calming proposals. For example, Boca Raton, FL, initially
tested nlidblock deflector island%on NW 3rd Avenue (see
figure 7.4).A% an alternative, a Series of spend hunsp% %%as
propo6ed to lOWel %pee95 further. A4Lhough Lhe fire chief
oppo,%od the alternative, it appeared acceptable from All
onergency response tifne %.andpoint, given a rrax,nahlr
delay axlmate and a goal of GO percent of enterker ?(v IC-
,peros(% mith!n 5 ininutes !.see table 7.5).
Strategies for Addressing Fire - Rescue Concerns
N4an%' urategies ha t, been axed to address fire - rescue r'on-
rrrn%zbo I( [rank cah mimg.' I hr fear oral cot mnunitics have
need avoidaure of eunargenr,y rc•%pwlse tomes and moot -
gency far ilitics. gradual;ocalation of trli fie ealnfing.c.Obl
nunniration, acc'omuundating nnca%au'c,, redesign. innoya-
non%, anti citizen support.
• Chapter 7: Emergency Response Concerns • 143
0
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Figure 7.4. Test Installations on NW 3rd Avenue. (Boca Raton, FL)
Table 7.5. Response Time Comparisons for NW 3rd Avenue.
(Boca Raton, FL)
Oril q•nal conArrons '
3 trans 6 secs i
Current conditions
3 mini 30 secs
(circle, and island) I
Expected condams,
3 min; 48 secs
(hump`)
)n,lo r'F: f, K'wa. ")I,e.'dl'.,b :�., f:.\1:
3,c:, :ci
$f1, Art an, all h.: m '11, h:,: ;ha,!
4f I;nra 1<aG::•
damd Feb, uz, r 2. 19'.ei
Avoidance of Ensergency Response Routes
Traffic trial ap•rrs rry to keep traffic rain Ling ine,laues off
of cn :rmrurc rvsp, :nsa routes I'll, challenge is twofold.
irst, n•.anv of :br strccts must in nvtd of traffic (.during
make ideal 'inci gcucp n :sporne mutes lot the same n a-
sons they nocd to br (allied: higher opt'ladng speed and
shortcut pomutial. In Boulder. RO porcCnt of the strews
requesting iraifir calming measures hinug 1995 wert,
idimtiliod !,s the If[, (!charuuent as ,- !;belt emrt genre
re•spon+c 5w,llis (sr,- figure l.bl.
Second. the list r,f "olcrgern.y w%pnnsr routes inav
p!ove elastic. as indnidual station captaies rnua-ntplate
ear!)' possible msp(disc louse to givers• possible vine geiw)'.
Nnim,TX, had this experlence.Thc fire department ini-
tially proposed that humps he kept off all strews with fire •
stations along (Iron!, shell offal] collectors, nrrd finally off
all primary response routes {Which included much of the
city sn"! u, tsvorl. rit cO digS to (Jiflbrens fire s!af 1lMs).
From a naf!ic ralu!ing pcc,pe,.tivo.. the ideal 1!ieaud!y
of !'sure,; m,.xdd pi :twit more traffic calming measures CID
secottilary that; pi iu:.uy !r>punse n.110 s, and still ;u,ne
on tertiary respcusr routes.
144 - Traffic Calming: State of the Practice
Figure 7.5. Critical Emergency Resporne Routes in the Urban Core.
(Boulder, CO)
Cr, Id 13 ... lid"'. N I MPl ilia, srnp” Rcsponer Map,
%1, in 8. 19;17.
In till fc•a;ured ccaumunitic•s, When deli „unties of d',o
emarg --m v wsponse routes included a public input jar ,.
ccss, On- iurplc•n:crnasiou u: traffic raining nmasurc•s Was
helped. 1 he outcome of the Portland process might have
been much less favorable to file. Bureau of Traffic Man-
agement if a citizens advisory group had not been in-
volved. The Auslin hump program might have remained
in ntniatoi hum if a public focus group had not convmcecl
the cite, council that emergency servo is should play an
advisor v role• railer than have veto power (see figure'l.GI.
'Phe Austin f,mts group process is descr;bed in chaph•r 8.
u
•
Figure 7.6. Focus Group Meeting Broadcast on Public Access TV.
(Austin,Tlt)
Avoidance of Emergency Response Facilities
L^xperienci bas '11, A% dlat thero earl be negathr impacts
if ic%n'n i ve ; (*,Inc r j!n dnp, inc-a%i:ros are piaoid on 3coe%5
svecu to 11L 'e statima. 11 is one thing for fur trucks In
env ouutcr u8111, Ca!n iirg tneav;re% per iadiCAly a% thov
respu nd ti, er I,,. gonoic%. It i% quite another Ia, cheer co
elleOUriter rneasuro%cvory time drt,%. leave the %talion.
In Chaaotte, NIC, the flrat %ec of 22 -foot speed fables
%%as placed on Little Ace ntrp. down air siro,t and across a
ma,:or thutoughfarc Roan a fire %catiun.Whilc collector
«nds with higher d.dfir volumes ha%e been calnmd with
22 -loot %prod tab'c%. nn installation hes generated a5 nurdr
conaovcrsv at :hat un Lccc,? Avn,ce.A fit,, :ruck drove
by while a photograph i'%limm in figure 7.7) of ,a fable on
Lame[ A%onue was bring tak,n.Thc driver roll compelled
iounoa:ha::he spccd rthle%,xort the %\ors:
thing tita: ever happened ro emergency Iespunso in Char-
lotte.
Tlrr Baum• caulir,umv not, applie%to hospita Ls.With all
the coti :rovenv surrounding, traffic mincing in Boulder,
Figure 7.7. "Worst Thing that Fver Happened ° (Charlotte, NC)
only 1WO tots of nieasures have even heon removed. One
was the series of %peed :ably% installed on hdgowood Drive,
adjaceu: to a regional hospital (scc figure 7.8). Such a hot -
piial generates more ernergenc,% %ebiclo irafTic than a fire
%taiton clod is likely :o oppose any traffic calming olforts
the% c; ucrgency vehicle% cannot avoid.
Gradual Escalation of Traffic Calming
Measures
Manv helieve that ongin, :Cring ntca%ures should be u,rd
only a% a last re%on, after education and enforcement of
fora ha%c failed. Whether :his view is reasonable., given
the effectiveness o(educa :irm and onforcenteni, is whirr:
to dchaar 1,%ce chapter 5 -- "1affic Calming InIpact %'!.
But trying more conservative approaches does help ueu-
lrag,/e uplaoitioll.
13,0110% it(' ha% managed co calm its street%, including resi
der.tial collectors, with Icss cunrrovenv than niosi other
places. k has clone sit by gradually cwalacing co engineer-
ing mea%nres. phase 1 invnhr s n ?It flhnl hclocl speed watch,
a traffic safoul campaign, signing, rcstriping, and other )e%s
:cttr ittivu, mrtsures. p :rasp• 11 invol%cs engineering mca-
.suoes and is under taken a:Ity if neodecl. Of 20 or so Ioca-
ii.- un each %ear pamcifniii g, in phase I. only 2 or 3 gradu-
aic to phase 11.
Boulder is taking a %hnilar tack, with some high tech
twists. Mon, amphasis i% now placed on education and
en6.trcomcnl in order co provide grealer balance. to the
program. I'lio:o- radar is being tasted, hr COnveutiou:d
% pered %catch programs, the worst that can happen to %peel-
ers is ;u receitr %earning IeCer%.With photo- radar. %care
ing keen ere replaoec� by spending tickets and fines (for
more on photo- radar, s(c chapter 5),
Also, Boulder h ielnr spccd- %en%itivu: traffic %ignai%
ih,,i u%t• loops :n ntce%aue spccd% upstrntnt of inierser
lions. In the ' rest on r, d &' le%t, all approaches to an inter -
%ectiou lace red lights (oat figure 7.9). If advance loop%
Figure 7.71 Former Speed Table Location on Edgmood Drive.
(Boulder, CO)
Chapter 7: nnergemy Response Concerns - 145
0
-- ---- a-w rsest -on-Red Demonstrations (Bou(der, W)
drrect err app, oai }rin, vel, ii lr• nti n'in, al or bcdoR' the
• ti 55 SI speed and no othor tnhiela ix beinh scrvc'd on Iirr
cross s[rpe[, [ho s' n-11 [urns ,recn. If [he r[?hirte is dp_
rprtpd •n he Sjn,lmirF. t1re mean phase is n. trigIS d,_
unfit dre vchzii , 0111•, to rest its III,. tradit Time) 6ishion at
;hv a4 +p line 'na;
. In the '1
ItIN along .
atlot'te'lo;t. Ittlt r1•:n:tin p; rpe'n as inn, as n,tffi- is nlnY.
ow 01 n )"ti,r, (. [)
pnmrrlwt lost i['Xi,end public focus Kroup 4aCOrnrnp[tdpd,
anil rho City council at*cPtcd, an advisory rote Car the,
dr•iiart Rlen[. -fire
Use of 1Measures that Accommodate Fire -
Rescue Vehicles
t ruled s r' t °k
Fire-
U10 p ` d .tug ui) oar H fire- rescue unite
Slop StrOeli. �i,>;r,a)5 1 R'y LIr1G ran s ne'.ar.V nlvpn
rleteCtid. [hus it. swil�h to and f r [oat 4'nrahi'n rr -s unsc n Y'.e oppose rnlurue unnn;7s
pcndliiin i +pc eemg is D Lutes
R or rYncar ilia divrrtrrs, and $Lrct c;osurrs. Via
ana' n'itL Speed 8 based on rornplf, nrac)fal, bar`ICtis ma Knnal
1 ti Iirni L,.' f , I
Communication
�1s ever>•ur;e kr1DW, cntti n['gnlra;intt is Ihc' i.ep w •,vurk-
in, 'It di(ICrcr,cee. trt, cu:p /nPn UI, �brvi( m arc nu[ LItS,
cnnsrtltod .lbuul tr,rllSc calntin + lions
ays
tables were iuslalted di ns'rr tlrk I In unr ,,rse, speed
repo rte j . Sirpvt 7ronr e lirr s[alirin.
without poor mn.utt ation. in an;,thcr ca;p.
natny »• mrrt' irt+t;d ir-d x•ithout waruinq nr L, n adi•yuate
marking and �i,rn nK. fire I it r+
and a s[aff t o vrl drh' uat ddmaged
rncm Gtr in(urredi svicn the juritps wcu• cm
counn'red un °YP, r'tcdlp,
-�nitinK th•' (vatur r+.i prn,q rams. rpnhrwuir'atiu❑ bc_
ctae:en [ratl'ir rnxna;; ^r:;cnt art
in nanrro d crnrrgon,, x'n iPes u
and catcnt. In RICA hasscc F dries
meat issim �. the Yirc icltar.t_
ph' int„rmi'd of Strn'ts that will bo trc;x,'d. l❑
Boulder, the fire a}tipt aXra'cisp5 a virtual rctu user J.II
inilallet ir,rry. !n Auair Iho fire drpartmt'nt unte jar! veto
74fi • Traffic Catmint --�_
g: State of the Practice
cdhrrcil i onrmuni tl < -5, (irr y tat•c this eCCec 1, In thr:
re"It" units dem
nppotltiun to hafCclosums onstrated h•ss
• semi -diver te'rr,anrl frircod [trrn
island, that permit wrong -t „ny. rrtov'ementa up short cm
Sptt10!i S.
Firr vne "IS traits usually oppose sper'cf hungtS and n[fu'r
rert iral mr;rior" that rattlp and ruck speedin[; whit leS. I Tor) ?!nla! rncasures such as u'a1Tic rir i'lei and chhanps
rue prefrrrod �cvcn thou €,Y. rhr'Y dpprnr tie cand ell htl
morr d. -'s than "brutal ureasutcs
S t
G:nrr rmr%Fc(,: • v ). Horiz<nital ureasi u'ns
} g tn'ts to stow down, lnrt thq• d'S y�
w'ithnu< Ute'JOStlinp that act onlparirs vertical displace..
till ?ut.
orfire "C t”, Knit les• uarrowings (iresen[ little
probk'nt fur fire rpsRn+ •,:chides. This aiipiics to rhokittl
ccntor islaurJs• split nA'drans. and t`m'n ncri dl atn
LoWdi'r fire rhiof. u'h„ upposrs s s. Tho
c'ir"k," acrspts nrcktluwr's berau speed hurups and uaffir
('rf tlt'•h p ll for orajaf(t'S to rill /r irnilrt turning nlGV .1`11, tts
y Ian st ra igh, shor.� 1
Sam. o: 1Jrp,�nmr'nt of T „lili;' 1L'ara.
0
•
C
J
(`rafTic calming ineaSur'ci favored by firm - rescue units
are among the most e.�poesive. involving Curh svork and
Iandscaping.TPius, [heap maasures may prove cost- effec-
tive only oil omeigeuc't' nnrtes that get a lot of '.¢e.
Whatever meas'.tres are used must he dosigned for fire
trucks. Several tcamred progrant> test designs br placing
cones on rim roadtc:n and running the foe clepaitntents
largest vehicle arour.J them (see figure 7. 10).Others sim-
ple work off piam Cuing RASH IU•s turniop. ntovontent
templates lot lot ,gar %0nrles.'
The challengo b -, dcsiqueis is tide: G,:orueti ie designs
that accoruniodate fir( [curs arc oversized for autouro
biles. Uohicle deflection will 'oe minimal, as will he the
impact Ju autontnhilc: spoads. The PCoeniz Piro
Depar :mcnt, reyei,mmint that half Josurt's he 16 feet
trick, to fmrmit reres :n and out, nn'ites violations by
motorists erhq arc .¢: Open stn•(; almost teto hint's o'ide
(sop hptu'e 7.111. Such chall(nges can be snot with clover
desig:u ntrh as Pur dan�hs hal(closare whit a bike lane (see
figure 7.121.
Figure 7.10. Field Test with a Fire buck. (Seattle, WA)
C n�aH
Figure 7.11. Half Closure that Invites Violations. (Phoenix. AZ)
Redesign of Traffic Calming Measures
Another strategv is to modify traffl( (aiming tncaswes to
better a(comntodate fire -rey tie. vehicles. 'I ight traffi(
circles, street closures, and full divvrters aro not favorites
'f emergen('r sccrvices let each can b( redesigned m ho
more acceptable At tte iocuest of the fire department,
C.)rlaudo changed the design of its traffic c ircles. lowo.i ing
the Up horn 4 to 2 inches lot easier mounting (sc(' Figure
7.13). Dalton opted for locked gates rather than land-
scaped street closures to maintain urnergencv a('cess to
tho i'•ivp Otiks nclghhgncwod (se(' figure 7.14). Boulder
outht(eil all <hxurCa dud diverters in Oro' neiglhanccm(I
trith removable hollanit (see frgurc 7,15).
Speed humps and speed tallies ate not favorites. eithor.
Yet, they too ran be. do il,r.ed to he more recoptabio to
fire- reu'ue units. A'.utin and G•,tinncit Countv ran error
gon.cy vrl:icles over tn'.iltiplc hump profile:. Baser) on thr
res'.rlts, these two prograrns now '.ise nothing but 22 -foot
speed tildes, the Ieast jaii-hip alternative tested. big(no
hat piacod a mnratot iun: nn I I -foot speed ltunips in re
Figure 7.12. Half Closure that Otscourages Violations. (Portland. OR)
Figure 7.13. Traffic Circle with a 2-inch Lip to Accommodate Fire
Trucks. (Orlando, FL)
Chapter 7: Emergency Respome Concerns - 147
0
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•
Figure 7.14. Gated Street Closures. (Dayton, OH)
Figure 7,15. Diagonal Diverter with Removable Bollards.
(Boulder, CO)
sponsr I,+ lire d"p:u t 111'. Ill o ewer us, but t not i sue, to build
longm raised c o'w'Ak, (It'll 1!a%'e less effect on ell Iel geucv
vehicles. BouL.IrC iNlimmopnli,, �%7N; .Intl u%crd other
placrS h,teo b;!ik tab:cs of raiv'd iutarsertiunS big.
enough for I he I, ,• whcelbasi of a tire trurn to cost
upon Ih': flat (1, !1 (,oe figia rS 7.16 and 7.17).'1 iwse
mea'tuo� reduce Ow'joit c, lire uw:ks eve!: more (hall do
the 22 Ier( ml)es.
Fier- rescue, in wen, has an obligation to ktrp its re-
quests reasonable. the Public b \'otks Ucparunent in Eu-
gene pl,-nutrd o; chicanes on a short. dead -and to
C-11 snc,a iradinf; u - ,J Iegh SChOOL tl:e put pose ,tits to
distvw,g;c spced;ng.: \trot a fielil toir sl!,iwPd a sli6ht de-
lee ,r itli the ills,. duce 1n„ 111-A, than a le,,' s,:.con,9s ovrr
the er,O-c kngth c'd d7is Sihxt wort), do p!oposed Chi-
canos wcl � n(dared w1ilt n!idhlork doflcrtor iNLInd%. 1;,
furtl!er art ore nnsdate the lire ^hicf. the dinieteiooS of the
defler'lut islands ,tern c:tt hacF'- Noto in figure 7.18 the
differe=nce bt,twren isl.mtl iinleininus as built center as
marked out ori!;inalh'.
148 • Traffic Calming: State of the practice
M�
Figure 7.16.46-foot (12 foot, 22 foot, 12 foot) Raised Crosswalk.
(Boulder, CO)
Figure 7.17.32•foot (6 foot, 20 foot, 6 foot) Speed Table.
(Minneapolis, MN)
Traffic Calming Innovations
Austin Iris tested Speed' �ushiuns." done- shaper( speed
Lump, that are narrow enough to hr straddlers by wide .
bi)dicd cchieje% but Must hn mounted by passenger ( ars.
Widel, used in Euro)r to ntiuituize impacts of traffic
r:,lminf! ,ni u:insit hoses and emergency vehicles, speed
cushions u!av or n!ay not prove as useful in the United
Suite,. Fire our" in :Le United States have inner and
Mora wheels on the rear axles, making the inner wheels
closer toguthei than cu a passenger car.lhe problem is
illustrated by dimensional data from Austin (see table 7.6).
Still. fire rescue units In Austin favor the cushions avr.r
Tither 12 -foot lumps or 22 -foot tables since their front
wheel „tit sn'addle the cusitiolis and rho rear wheels Hord
tide up ,n only one side. Aiwin has recorded very sip
uifirant roduttioru in 85Ul por,rentile spccds (the spccd
below which 85 percent of vehicles travel) with Speed
r ueuiun% — comparable io Ihosr experienced with spccd
humps —and thetcruro plans to install tttc CUSltlonS per
rnaucvdy (sec figure 7.15).
0
•
I
_ *.
t
4;111
Figure 7.18. Scaled Down Deflector Island with Reduced Figure 7.19. Test of a Speed Cushion. (Austin, TIC)
Effectiveness. (Eugene, OR)
Table 7.6. Tire Spacing (inside to inside) for
Different Vehicle Types (feet).
Fire engine I 5.71fronll
1 4.0 (rear)
Ladder truck 55 In"I"
3 5 (rear;
Ambulance 6.U(fmnq
431rz:aq
conlp3ct car :3 li
Fuit -;rte car 4 4
Minivan 46
Sport wilry vehicle 4 3
Snur,-r Ur:;aumrra .:: i'e.Llic 1C;.. F. <a:.J
iornryn Iry .4+ \::mn. I.0
P"rtl Ind lmn Split" r,I "nffst't ..
hump,.%%h:rh rx; end fiurr, rw i::o roir.erlicr
on one side of the surer and the it sepaixrd
by a pap. continue on Ore other side (sec fir t; -
tire. 7.20), Fir, can %voa% errn:nd split
hump, m stdcm -like I':nhi(nn. while In d:a:
(Seen in Pours of ddco:ope) Pr ivaw ceNuies
have Bhutan little: I1C1inati.)II tc cross tho
(cnrerl`.ne just I..) ;:c+d;i iiic humps. Raised
center iskrich ,md ,i;;ns in advance of ca()I
hump half, pL::. d+•r nc c!•nv rlino sn'ipinq and
raised pavo:ncnt markers benrern the two
halvos.gk o. d!o illu,iun ❑I.r conTinunus rr•.r-
�.1ian.r he �rririu�. :. spscuip :1(25 4•rt lacnvru
halves proved :ou• n : :nuuu. and lire -nscuo
.'r.irit las La.1 rn .I. nv d�nrr. ! > r:e(p.+(Lov the•
re.suhin,t huri :. :l ua1 r.ui vv. But with latar
spacial.•, ul SO Ieet betereen hiPiles, even the
15rgCSt Ilse vucFS lust no n+orc that: I u1. 2
sec ouch. Baud on Ptn land s vu ress, Austin
and Boulder pla❑ t.; Lt: l split Bumps of splil
sped Cddr..
i
z
Split Speed Bump Plan
,,�,4 i
Figure 7.20. Split Hump. (Portland, OR)
S.v.:r, 2.1..1.1 n11'rd0. \bur Rnuvn, C�ir; .,r llniond, CJK
Chapter 7t Em erg ency Response Concerns • 149
0
•
C
J
Coral Gablvt, FL. het installed uu,torited gates al un`ot
closures. I,�'l :ila r losod rs> pi iv.uv %ehi.:cs. tla•se gates call
be acimiw 1 by i n•.eI geueY vvl :i%Ic+ via tall in co❑ LEI) l (tee
figure 7.21).
I :a :nvatioia like wnte ii: Austin, Poidand, and Coral
Gables r(•p(osort the ultin :a4• ill triffir nom :xgeireut. as
dCeY 5kr%v or di%r rt other vafa( %v ithout subtant III1Y i I I
Periling vntergcn(c rospr use.
Citizen Support
Thv Natiuoal h iir F'rna :c no :: :its tt iutitnt attic le, Things
That Go Clump in rho Night, ot,,is a ear :did %io%v about
public print itios: 'Wlxi: givers the ci:oico betwoer a quick
respoi :se aloe by i•n ti r,onic receive p ovidei's or a (r-
Figure 7.21. Street Closure with a Motorized Gate. (Coral Gables, FL)
150 • Tofflo Calming: State of the Practice
dit c 11oI. it 00 speed ar.(f volume of cars on their neigh -
hurbood streou. residents will invariably place a greater
value stn tftc lanur. "'
Bevord tr:ecdoial evidence, a public opinion surrey
Icnt some support to the previnut statement (see table
7.7). WN:n Bet keley residents "vre ashcd if emergency
n•sporse dela•n :•:arc reason lorcurtailing ncwsPced hump
installations. a rnsjorito said they svere not. Ris survev
%vas taken dui ing a moratorium on ne• %v speed humps over
tho issue of ootcrg ,r.oy respn:se.
With citizen. support. sumo traffic calming [Claris base
pie,ailed over opposition tn)ru (ire departments. At tL:o
fire i filer - s irsistor.cc, Ft. Lauderdale m,w %vans of slower
rosponso Hires in a survol' Izltrr sent out to residents be.. -
fure speed bmnps arc installed (sic figum 7.22). These sur-
siws still gai'r.er 80 porreot iesidcm approval in none Eases.
'1 he city uraf(ir engineer sacs: ?arcs that '•peoplo %neigh
d:,, rhanr e of gotfir :g bill neG uo Fit iul: against the chaure
vi'being killed h; a speeding car. Ahpamnlll: the lattor is
•. ie%vod as a bic;l;or throat.
::
Other Public Agencies
Police
Police gcrorally support Emilio i alrung r, :rasures for their
pm utial to control speeding and ieduee collision Seve.r-
i:v. Engiraerirg ntemu-e%are sell- enforcin,, schich takes
nnrc of the pressure oT peli(e officers to enfnrce traffic
laws. Some police ol7iccrs fondly refer to EmIfic circle, as
•'IWI ((!ricir,n under 0 :c influence) incncrs :• becauso
drunk drivers n(tr -•n sneer np and head straight home a(u•t
I ui ;i( g tl;e ccn o: island, (scc figure, 7.;'.31, Ir, Sarasota and
olsosvhc ro. 51wed humps a -c. (alled •'sl,oping policernoll
bocauso ihcy gvietic etdoue speed limits '2.1 hour%a dnv
(t(•i• figure 7.24).
In sovv:al icaur.vd connnnwitier-- Bvikeley. D:g9on, F:
Lauderdale, Gainesville. and lb'csi Pahr, Beach - -the po
lice also rapport cettoin nteasuros, those rosu'iet :ug ae(css,
for thcu potertial to reduce criine. Sweet closures arc a
st;mdard su'awgy in the Fio d of crime prevention through
cuzirouua•vtal design )OPTED). A most ambitious
CP I ED pruioct in Daviou is described in chaprr•r I.
l'dhiio traffic (ale. :in <I nr�asur(•s mist havo swne offer I
(III police mspousc• times, it does not soon: to be all issue
in lvat ucd roan smut ie.:.. Use of vehicles %cith quail
svhoelbases and good susperstous takes the diffe-u•tnc.
Nesv patrol cars ('au meintair, speeds of 25 u:pi: over i2
Ions speed budge. This is tsvo ur three timer rho con :(orI -
able doss :ng speed of many faro trucks, with their longa:
%cheelbascs. highrt con!(as of gm tl'.,tiffor arspcosi(ms.
.cud hence T:ntr sovo u• rro(Mtny: nxnion. I he advoutal:(- A
• Table 7.7.PublicOpini on on Speed Control versus Emergency Response -(Berkeley, CA)
•
Question Speed humps delay fire trucks and ambulances' responding to emergencies. More than one minute may be added to the
average response l role of four minutes, oo you fret this is reason for the crty to avoid adding new speed numps?
I� Resident Response
Blocks with Humps ( %)
Blockswilhoul Humps ( %)
I All Blocks
l s -
Ye
__.—. 2
3
42 . - - - -_
33
No
48
35
42
Not sure
26
20
23
No response
3
3
3
Suer,: Cn. c•I k,;,.,.1,.: An L',duan,•n :.'. u;( 'p, d I luu, of u+: Cm: ,•f Br: k0,%" I1197 ,haltTd4. I
Excerpt from page 2 of letter.
So that an i^forned dociaix can be nade by reaidants regarding speed bap
uaaga in their ea igrJ,orEood, tho tort Lauderdale tire•Res:. a and Butidiag
Department wants all reaidects to Se aware of both the potential advantagoo
and disadvantages cf ipead humps, Speed hoops in:reaee response times to
emergencies knell coopuei to response :ISes with the street renainicg
itcostn:ctad. Entargaacy vsE:las met travel in the 19-15 v¢h range in
order to safely negotiate the eyes] huops, as cppoaad to trarel irg a: the
25 Qph spead cite[ at9•rE for tohet :yw vehicles. Tae P£re-Rescue and
Building De°.artsent will be evaluating the '£lat-;opped" trial speed hump,
which is toought t: 'oa able to be traveled at higher speeds by mergency
Vehicles than those of tae Citrf'e vurren: desiga.
Figure 7.22. Survey Letter Warning of Longer Response Time
(Ft. Lauderdale, FL)
Figure 7.23. "DUI (Driving Under the Influence) Catcher."
(Portland, OR)
_ ���fOAT LPCtiFRD:aI£
Figure 7.24. "Sleeping Policeman." (Sarasota, FL)
Chapter 7: Emergency Response Concerns • 151
0
•
small wheelba>rs S also realized on: the tight coves of
traffic citcics and chwanos.
Public Works
bloc k: kn, ,11 it 1. %, uvou %al aheosl ahvays ,awes ap at
professional session% ou :: a'.fir tad :ring. AS a theoretical
colic ern. 1 looms a% tat ge ao tun I liahility and 4waergpnry
response. As it prank al inati(•r, uanw rc Htov:l is not m_
ported to be mu tt of a prt,blcnt.
.'vlon oCthe foammd amnnu ch :es get little ur tai snow.
Natianalk. r'ap't,l rahcim17 prograos :uc I0oretarated in
ll :e Scr .'pelt and Pat i1c I��uttlnecst, %% here v:o%v' is cot a
factor ht thin Ie:nuo.:d , uHm'u::atio oxpericncing sigcift -
Call( snuwhll, %!elf 1,%pxf%r Ih i I'ot vruo% %• 1,111twal are Ivpi-
cally housed %% chin the s::ne d,-parun,[its as (taDic calm
mg,and colicotiP :t) ' lei :%till I liunps. [it, le%. i hok,r%,au,[
r losules have nut lse,n repur red to prrvont eno%% okuoval,
kave streets unsale dup to rr%idttal snow and ice. dirnage
Snowplows, or Still( r svr ions dao:age thennClves. But they
may add to %von [.load and cxP,nS,.
Here are a f,%% ,.i :unples of hu%c dilterew conunuci-
tics I:ar.dle snu%c t% -n royal. Dayton. whit if averages 28
inches of sno%%pct plows resid% ^n;ial .lo- elstardy when
tls%' receive more 'hail 3 h:,'hs vl v;ro%v. l'l :6 happens
five or six titles a vat.. Ahura W PQr ent of Dayton S
sheet - loxtres have fete% that all he upenad AL.,[ hip,
Snow lal'a.Tbis a.;n%%I operator, lO plow tiring), closures
rather (Ilan shnply ilepq%itiek soon% al closures.
plow opctaton %%lot Piave %,t routes usually kcuw where
huntps are Ioe.nted. As a nen :index. cICh ),clop is marked
with ac adv.u)rr %%laming sign. Uperdors know to Go
Slo%viv n %er the 11111! If Qrus or t f.1 I!, and foil;_ slowly.
ride up and n % c; :i,eui. .Sno%vplo%% blades ate. ruhhei-
ltpp,d (o avoid l.nuagc Ii- humps (see Cqur( 7.2:1).
Bellevice n, n%S ahokit 10 !;i_hes of sno%% per wear.
Like Dayton. Pit llevm- azsip;ns plow ope rntun -car nottes.
<:;qn BUMP -'
c
:r
Figure 7.25. Snow Removal in One Featured Community. (Dayton, OH)
152 - Traffic Calming: State of the Practice
marks indiv_ dual Immps, and rues, rubber - tipped snow-
plow hIadvs. The task of snow, clearmace is complicated be
the v,`despread lisp of rats, c pavement markers through-
out BeliQVUe, even out hut, ups. Rather that, plow down to
the Ski fare Ill tie :oedwav,t-.xrators lease ate ice. L ofsro%e
and then apply Salad to ❑[p :.nrface.The snow/sand cony
hit :aiiun is thought to provide better Lactiuc than tit,
t tan laws,' --.1' xv or a :0%v k•I( by ccnrven EOCaI plowing.
Mootgon :ery Coun',y averages just over 20 arches of
snow' annually, but occai.i-,nally gets pummeled, as in 1996
when 50 inches fell. Plows have rollers on their blades
tl -at Cause then) to rise up arid over When they sir Ike some
tlang. Th1s system tn:ds to sunpe sno%v olf file Gott of
humps but to leave a %%edge of snow on the back. Flows
arc egmpp,d with Sall applicators to deli with the latter.
-thee often inquire a sec orrl application to owh this snow.
Plastic posts arc turd In utark c hokers So liar plenv opera
tor, k;:ov, exactly wi:ere tro 5ko%v do%vu and diverge Gun:
.t straight path..
Three phtcee that experence extreme winner %%math,,
vverr contacted scparatcl%c Minneapolis nraY represer:t fie
hes: case among tike snowhirit (rant initie s since it has a
[kill array of trall'i.: calrrrrg measures- Given the Gc¢laent
reed to re:nove ire under a laver of )wow, the blades on
I%'linncaprl S' ntowplova unut be steel- tkpped.Thvv arc
onttitmd %vith "Sle,ps (metal exrensiuus) to protect against
damage. Plo%vs thus leave it thin layer of it.e. whirl: has to
be recto%e l %vtF a tnt.1 of salt and .anal. These. plow's have
no prohlrn: with Minnaapoli% huntps or tables, which all
I ise 3 In, l :e% Over 6 feet: blades autoctaticallY elinah this
gQrn[e r u,. PIOW', ANO have nu prolilec, with adlttl IM lmffic
c irtles at uosS Sheets en with pert :anent rP¢aken Hilt Ted
hN, iandscap G:g.What Creates a minor prohieul are Ital Rc
%in.lcs in T- intersections. Unable if) phnc all the, way
ate nine, plows leave a wind ro%%%%vh ich ha. nt 6e rtnaoved
with a ham, -end Loader. Also creatinga svcsll problem air
0
•
•
ternporars' Oiba used to rest mca+ures.Witl;o:u lendscap-
ing, temporal v tjos air o"ah i ndk trick by suu+clduws.
1'akinnAVA, cr ixei t, eo spe(ial snow
Off subuilmn n'oet, tviht speed humps and May l)own-
Own sheets are urICkler. MAW Ow bAbi i'by "'}tom plow
operaw" can Plow sn,:',s ulr:lu' cd a AM Amm.dowu-
town streets +rift (itt."ido park.ittg xt? plum'ed fmnn edge
to con V.'r. Snow to e-o trulan,+ an:nuul centar islauck and
has MO unamd with e nd Inadc:. !'ohoss'inq the
urs'P of 0111ket:5 rc'q❑tn:+ nnaer tints than m.WMA POW -
hy, but nperaw"A app.rn ndv Mo" the (tiro line +cell
enough to avoid danteging contort. Mwenn mans ten-
ter islanna ate nruke9 with (cries bcf,Ne Ai z te,w mornt5.
operenvs Ita+c Sion knmm to tlt No and damage the is-
lands.
In Tn n'nnn. t -i ^. ;..Deed laid•.,. 1.ud rai >ed uitciso,'tions
itaye snips nl M'ir nego-
tiated be snnscplo i,
sv+ .ec' figure 7161. Spied Knips We
sinusoidal rather tl'..ni et:umletd Pawh,.diC pruldcs. Io`So
too we easily her uliated. with a parab!dic pinrdr.Qw gta..
dwit it 115 MWPMt a( the INOU ul hit('f+eLil11t bCisseQu
hurup and simm' %vull a milusni'.nn proli!e. the gradient (s
rero at the point ..r i::ua >eCti,.in. The ride is Snu1!ahar rue
SnuscPlov.S. n "(1.1liSiS. a!td bi,:ycli>1+. 110 only pro6lent
with snoss, ren:ncal mp,,,N:,I be Tunnno, ether than tin,
added '.tn:r• te, {: d; c:.. •.s,r+ utinu: ' loo,g, tt, a C',up!e ,I
tufli, islands in an N(..i ',ti utcr albs consinh inn. lucent•
rrsPact, mil"V mill0s't11 is aepaa!!y siutpli!ied by ual'fit ral:u-
ing. AS Ti:n.auu ha+ naims%, l its Sneers, it heS svideno(I
the planting +u'ipt bet syccn Su'rcts ales side +walks. creating
NI urr sturnf:e space b.n stn,+•..
Genera I i /ing. ,: l inl I n!t i CS ii ,Is e draft SS it II Snow
r „ntrrcal nn trallb. -t'olnmd ,,accts bS marking ti.,flic Calm
!ng nti'n' ;uro +, a >in>!, a{: P; c,Pt Luc nr +p-t hiliird equip Ni�ni.
inrros'B Pq in g,:un'evic di:tip.n nl ntc.voin f.uoi& i[ing
persount?l svith a'a'fis Plow n �'atc+.:uui in a!! Cases. dee[n-
ing more tints h? do? 'WK.
Figure 7.26. Gradual Ramp on a Raised Intersection. (Toronto, 0N)
Endnotes
L LAL Ginnts."?.VThai Gu Bunip in the Night:';v'FPA
/mvual. Mane' /Pebnisry 1997. pp. 78 82.
Bon:au, fTaffi, Vfaraprment. Thr 1rJ7uenre of T- ilnhcCa6n-
aw Owiles vn Fire i, elvd, Ti arel Tunes, C ity of Po rtWid. OFZ.
januJt 193ti
3. City of B,o ke(oy. '.An Gvai:ta!ion of the Speed Hump Pi-
eran'. of :It,: (.its of Bork -Avy.” C),,tnhrv' 139/ d;Jt patio 2:i
4. In both San Diego and Austin, hump, were presumed to
cai6c dclays of 30 S:cuuds per Inimp, M-225unnilo s in
Austin put m, end to that presungi: inn.
1,. ! ould,rs cvinoite5 „f MR, spoe(is at stns points:
8 Ni n t, t3" rise) 7 rign
ti;' hump (3, rise) 9 ntplt
37 :able ;G rise -7 5 rtnips - 22' dot topl 13 mph
did tabb; (f" nsv- 9'r.imps -22' flat m.:pl 16 mph
is l i ,mater We t3 nipl,.
C.aw or Bouldri. "Fir? fan >a41c Driev %teatnrcd f.,n%anous
Mingation Devices. Aumdunent (:, Sandy SeSSinu on the
!"cighitorho, Id Trafl:r 1l is igatiun Ptngiant. 1111'dldet (.ib
('ountd. April S. 19:7.
6 As e.catuplvs, d flashover f m.. will ordinal try orrnr within 6
in 10 Nurtures after idnii io.Aid the Than, c of survival in
medlar cases aerlines sharply if card i„p'akncnary r¢sus'tl-
L:uOn is not :oNNvN,r.,J ,,ihio 4 minutes and vlrr:ri(
.hulk '.eitlitn 10 nunnws. It i, such risk ,nsasmom+ den
tutle: Ito rv+p, Nov of n:• y, ;:K
i. ;.',ualdirt n: sr on -rod dnmoustrniun is a reedy urtdencas
Flue i.iea ssas bVno,4'ed front L.s Ane,dvs. Thy res ; -on-
�,recn dennntst raiiun Las prosren u tckO r :o implenn:nt since
,tau ine no known pre(e,lonO
8.
YE Leisrh. Anungb`rpa, 7imgilan's'— Cugli +ii Sysam. InStl-
tut_ ul' Trauspntia:ion (ingineers.li,ash!ut ;turn, DC. 1991.
!1, Mc Gionis. op. Ca.
lit A rnmppndo nt of ounler ligumeuts in favnt' of hamps
'naS bean astcntbir,l b}' Zai(lCI I al. l lore is a Sal tirlin);:
i
it Cause 11'.i dsnage Iu pi-11, o and lit( re1, i, ly, it
cr „shod at tJm ra,'nnim m, ideil shred.
Humps ;n„ NO S,onw then rho ol'f -in.id and on-ruth
Naneus'er ing done w tilt• Cnuno ul normal it a e, Ls
policy and fire p'tsonnel.
• Ennyo"y nrep ,nW nines sin prmm:'dy Armond
INS .'In 'dequary of n'aln loads. nouhr lag shut: sera, Ives
ut naq;l t!i „ihoo,b theuttrlves.
.....lift, Spy lc a ul t; u.ditr of itl't' .I ut img not nml
r,u as ... rz 0( ho ,:yvnh;n iouvd ht the rvq Ii I e, nor it,
of rat, vycn t.
TO the shunt tlt,rl humps rod uifu'i calming nceasumS
rvdurr i oi: i >1o�r.. ii'.ov Mli left, t the Nord lot otter
P 1 u, ( Set S ee+.
D. T.::!W AN IK"mt so ,A FL Piwnty 'Tile Use of
H, d I luu:ps far'' \i N4tt cl t ng Spe ids on lit Leo SIIt10
nale>i..t, i're:v',tuu:. Vol Yd. 1992, pp 45 -SG.
Chapter 7: Emergericy Response Comerm • 153
Traffic Advisory Committee September 29, 2003
City of Newport Beach
• 3300 Newport Blvd
Newport Beach, CA 92663
Gentlemen!
The Basic Problem: Sweet little children who don't listen to their mothers.
The Big Picture: Above mentioned children who ignore their mothers and tin
into the street without looking, plus cars speeding around semi -blind curves.
The Logical Solution: Speed humps. to remind speeding drivers to slow down
around the curves.
I am asking for the placement of speed humps (not bumps) at the curves
between Port Provence and Port Weybridge to protect our children from becoming
hood ornaments to speeding cars. We now have nineteen children under the age of 10
who live along this cure and a gaggle of parent, who colleeti%cly shudder e,,,-cry time
a car or delivery truck comes whipping around the corner.
I would appreciate your consideration of the placement of 2 speed humps at
each of the two curves on our street, for a total of 4 speed humps (as diagramed). This
plan has the enthusiastic support of the neighborhood, with every household (except
one elderly couple who are neutral) along the curve delighted at the prospect of
slowing down speeding cars. One couple \youldn't even wait for me to tell them that
the proposed hump would be directly in front of their ]ionic before signing my petition.
Another two families further down the street sought me out to sign my petition.
Because the street is a 'C' with hoth reds connected to Newport Bills Drivc. the
only people who must drive on the street are residents, visitors and delivery people.
The worst speed offenders are teenagers and delivery people, the eery demographics
who are the ]cast likely to be affected by parents shouting to slow down. Specd humps
are a low impact, low cost reminder to lower driving speeds.
Thank you for your.consider< ion.
r / rii
/Susan Skint austrn
949 -640 -2003
0
I *
0
2081
WEYBRIDGE PL
2077
,'7-7 L
n130 2636 . .............
711
220A2 `
2065
PROVENCE PL 21069
fy
Petition to install speed humps on Port Weybridge/Port Provence loop.
OWe, the undersigned, request that the City of Newport Beach install speed humps at
the end of Port Weybridg e/P rove n ce
outer loop (as shown or attached
reduce auto speeds on the curves and
NAME I (print)
Address
NAME (print)
Address
NAME (pri"A.
Address
� i C•i) C.- o",
• NAME (print)
Address
NAME (print)
Address
7(print)
, /j r
NAME
We LI b r
Address
NAME (print)
diagram) to
protect our children from reckless drivers.
Signatur
Signature
SignAture
Signature
'A
Signature
J_
Signature
�y L
Address iJ
• NAME (print) —Signature
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Petition to install speed humps on Port Weybridge/Port Provence loop.
• We, the undersigned, request that the City of Newport Beach install speed humps at
the end of Port Weybridge/Provence outer loop (as shown on attached diagram) to
reduce auto speeds on the curves and protect our children from reckless drivers.
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Petition to install speed humps on Port Weybridge /Port Provence loop
the undersigned, request that the City of Newport Beach install speed humps at the
,n7 of Port Weybridge /Provence outer loop in order to reduce auto speeds on the curves
protect our children from reckless drivers (as shown on attached diagram).
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