HomeMy WebLinkAboutR_6051_SCITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
CALIFORNIA
Mr. Albort H. Jones
4411 Seashore Drive
Newport Beach, California
Dear Mr. Jones :
March 29, 1971
I reviowed your request to install palm trees in the streetend at
45th Street with various department heads who would be involved in
this type of installation. After our discussion over the weekend,
it was the concensus of everyone involved that in order to penni t
landscaping on one side of the streetend, as vou have suggested,
one-h.a.1£ of the street would have to be developed i.n accordance
with a Council polit.y on streetend :improvement.
You indicated before that you were willing iqlrove the streetend;
however, the adjacent property owner is an out-of-time.:, owner, there-
fore, is not interested in participation. In that event. it would
be permissible for you to develop from the center line of the
street easterly in order to cncol!l'ass the nrea that you would like
to improve. This would mean, however, that the street would have
to be paved in accordance with City specifications and that the
sidewalk adjacent to your property would have to be installed, as
well as the planter area that you are interested in.
It was also concluded over the weekend that the Public Works Depart-
ment would set the grade stakos for you so that the installation
would be at th.e proper grade and that the development its elf ,JOUld
be in accordance with City specifications.
As always• wo are very happy to see lmprovements made to streetends t
as well as other public areas, and your interest in this particular
project is very encmrraging. I am happy to tell you that, oven
though the adjacent property owner is not willing to participate;
you may go ahead and proceed with one-half of the street development
as outlined earlier. If you are interested in pursuing this develop-
ment, please do not hesitate to call, and I will make the proper
arrangen-ents with the Public Works Department to set the grades and
allow you to proceed. Unfortunately• if the street is not developed
on this basis, it would not be possible to permit any planting in the
streetcnd. I'm sure you can tmderstand tho reasoning for this.
Please let me hear from you as soon as possible.
Ver, tntly yo rs,
CAL~C STEWART, Director
Parks, .aches & Recreation Department I
CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
PARKS, BEACHES & RECREATION DEPARTMENT
TO:
March 26, 1971
JOE DEVLIN, PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR /
JAKE MYNDERSE, GENERAL SERVICES DIRECTOR
BOB REED, :MARINE SAFETY DIRECTOR
FROM: PB & R Director
I have been approached by Mr. Albert Jones of 4411 Seashore Drive
who wants to improve the streetend at 45th and Seashore as it terminates
at the ocean. Mr. Jones is very anxious to develop the total streetend in
accordance with the specifications that were recently prepared by PB & R
and Public Works and approved by the City Council. However, the adjacent
property owner at 45th is not interested in participating in the total
construction at this time.
Mr. Jones is anxious t o get some trees installed so that they can
mature, without having to wait for participation by the adjacent property
owner. He wishes to· ins tall them in accordance with the precise location
of a planter that would ultimately be designed in the overall master plan.
He also wishes to use palm trees which would have no sight obstruction as
far as adjacent properties are concerned.
I have no opposition to this proposal. In fact, in the interest
of improving the streetends, I would certainly encourage it. Prior to
final approval, however, I would like to hear from the above departments
to see if there are any objections to this type of installation.
Additionally, there is a telephone pole located in the streetend
that was utilized to carry wires to the lifeguard station at the end of
45th Street on the beach. If this is not going to be utilized again
this coming surrnner, he would like to have the pole removed.
As indicated before, iir. Jones is interested in putting in the
sidewalks, paving, etc., in accordance with the City-adopted plan, but
since he cannot get participation from the adjacent property owner at
this time, at least he would like to do some planting in the area that
ultimately would be a planter bed.
May I hear from you on this subject very soon?
STEWART
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TO: ~Pe...su"'b'-'l=-=i-"c'--'W""-'o"r"k"s"--=D'-'i"'r"-"e"'c:..;t:;o:a:.:r _____ ~/
General Services Director
FROM: Harbor and Tidelands Administrator
SUBJECT: INVENTORY OF STREET-ENDS
January 29, 1970
In accordance with the City Manager's instructions, and
as agreed by the addressees, an inventory and cataloging of street-
ends will coilll~ence on 2 February by the undersigned and representatives
of the Public Works and General Services Departments. The purposes
of the joint effort are to:
a. Catalog all bay and beach street-ends including street-
ends in Newport Shores.
b. Establish priorities for a capital improvement program
for bulkheads, or repair of existing bulkheads, at street-ends.
c. Establish priorities for raising street-end bulkheads to
an elevation of +9.
d. Establish priorities for sand replenishment at street-
ends used for swim.ming beaches.
e. Consider means of enhancing public use and benefits
from street-ends; to include installing public facilities, landscaping,
or lease of certain street-end water rights for commercial purposes.
Upon completion of the inventory by Public Works, General
Services and Harbor & Tidelands representatives, conferences will be
initiated with other departments in order to establish a comprehensive
street~end improvement program.
A tentative schedule for initiating the inventory is:
Date
2 February
3 February
4 February
5 February
6 February
Time Tides
0830 -1200 +4 to -.5
0830 -1200 +4.5 to -.9
0830 -1200 +6.5 to 0.0
0830 -1200 +7 to +.3
Mode Area
Boat Harbor -Balboa
Peninsula to and
including The Rhine.
Boat Lido Island and
Balboa Island
Car Ocean Beaches and
Newport Shores
Boat West Newport Channels
Reserved for make-up or return visits as may be
necessary.
- 2 -
The Harbor and Tidelands Administrator will provide the
boat, a camera and inventory forms. The Public Works Director is
requested to provide a car on 4 February. Participants are requested
to be at the boat, moored at the American Legion Club, at 0830 on
boat days and to meet at the rear entrance of the Public Works Depart-
ment at 0830 on 4 February.
Information addressees will be requested to participate
in formulating a final plan. It is not considered entirely necessary
for them to participate in the initial survey. At their option,
however, representation on the initial survey party will be welcome.
AWES
GMD/db
Information Addressees, Planning Director
Parks, Beaches & Recreation Director
Marine Safety Director
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CITY OF i~EWPORT BEACH DEPARTMENT OF COf.lr1U[HTY DEVELOP:1Er·n
TO: City Manager
FROf 1: Acting Zoning Administrator
SUBJECT: Request of Patrick O'Conner regarding vehicular
access to property at 920 East Ocean Front, in Central Balboa
Pursuant to the City Council's action of February 22, 1971, a
meeting was held in the City Attorney's Office on Monday after-
noon, March 1, 1971. Those in attendance were Tully Seymour,
Joe Devlin, Bob Jaffe, Ken Perry, Patrick O'Conner and myself.
At the outset, it was explained that under existing R-3 zoning
requirements this parcel contained land area sufficient for a
single-family dwelling and that the construction of a duplex as
proposed by Mr. O'Conner would require a variance from the Plan-
ning Commission.
The Staff then explored various alternatives, as follow, for
providing the. accessible garage spaces required .by the Municipal Code: • •
1. Obtain a waiver of the requirements from the
Planning Commission.
2. Secure an off-site parking agreement.
3. Assemble subject property with an adjoining
parcel fronting on Balboa Boulevard.
4. Permit vehicles to use West Ocean Front Walk
as it exists.
5. Improve West Ocean Front Walk in a manner which·
will allow vehicular use without impairing the
.safety of pedestrians.
The latter was discussed at length and was the only alternative
favored by Mr. O'Conner. The Department of Public Works suggested
the following:
1. That the sidewalk in front of the subject property
be improved to a width of twenty feet and a thick-
ness of six inches.
TO: City Manager -2.
2. That four inch posts, four feet on cent~r, be
installed at the prolongation of the lot line
lying midway between "A'' and ''B" Streets.
3. That four inch posts, eight fe~t on center, be
installed on the westerly right-of-way line of ''B" Street. •
4. That a low-profile gate be constructed across the
front of the property on the property line.
5. That the owner replace any sidewalk damaged during
construction with six inch concrete.
6. That East Ocean Front Walk be posted for ''No Park-ing."
It should be noted that the suggested improvements do not provide
for a separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic but are in-
tended to minimize potential conflicts and reduce safety hazards.
At the conclusion of the meeting, it was the suggestion of the
Staff that action by the City Council, on the question of
vehicular access to the subject property from Ocean Front Walk,
should be held in abeyence pending hearings by the Planning Com-
mission on the required variance. It is anticipated that the
Planning Commission will want to consider the access problem,
and the City Council would have the benefit of the Commission's
thinking on the matter. Mr. O'Conner agrees with this suggestion
and has indicated that he will be filing a variance request shortly. •
I NATURE
CC: Tully Seymour/
Joe Devliny"
March 4, 1971
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RAV MERCADO & ASSOCIATES ===~~.,-·----
13151 BROOKHURST STREET GARDEN GROVE ' CAUFORNIA 92643
PHONE (714) 530-3041
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EASTLAND CO, 1664 Newport Blvd,, Suite "A"
Costa Mesa, California 92~27
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KEN SMITH
REAL. ESTATE BR<:>"'"'-
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Index
t_)ITY OF NEWPORT BEA1 ... 1 ..
Volume 2.1 -P.age 72
September 25, 1967
Mayor Gruber asked if anyone desired to be heard,
The following spoke from the audience in opposition to the
possibility of a street being constructed on the ocean
front and requested that any feasibility study of such by
the City be abandoned: James Stafford; William Speirs,
representing the Balboa Peninsula Point Association;
R.H. Clucas, representing the West Newport Association;
Dr. Robert E. Washbon, president of the Central New-
port Beach Community Association; Mrs. Bruce Coulter;
and Ruth Curry Burns.
• The following Minute Resolution was adopted:
This Council of the City of Newport Beach has no
intention of constructing a street or road along the
ocean front beach, nor to embark upon a program of
studies intended to lead to such construction.
. ~ RECESS for ten mmutes was declared by Mayor Gruber.
The Council reconvened with all members present except
Councilman Marshall.
Motion
Ayes
Noes
Absent
The above listed letters regarding the ocean front street
study and the following letters were ordered filed:
• Motion
Ayes
Absent
(a) Letter dated September 21, 1967 from Mr. Hancock
Banning III expressing vital interest in the present
"Ocean Front Road" flare-up and stating that this is a
fine example of the urgent desirability for the City
Council to undertake its presently contemplated "Goals
and Objectives Study."
(b) Letter dated September 19, 1967 from Joseph S. Hay-
hurst, M. D. endorsing study of the peninsula point
traffic problem and suggesting trading ocean-front
property for property along Balboa Boulevard for
widening and better access and also suggesting multi-
story development.
12..: 5'1/3
COUNCILMEN
X
XX XX X
X
X
X
xx xxxx
X
OCEAN FRONT
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CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH DRAWN RE.# DATE ..9 /,2-68
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PROPOSEO STREET £/II.CJ OEJ/ELOPME/VT ( 'UBLW WORKS DIRECq0~!;'1 COL TO.IV S' TREET 1---~_,._ _ _.:..::.:RE:;.,:_-N:::.;0 ·-=-::!-::=-::LJ
DRAWING NO. A,/-.:7//Z-L
CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
PARKS, BEACHES AND RECREATION DEPARTMENT
TO: JOE DEVLIN, PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR
FROM: Cal Stewart
SUBJECT; STREET ENDS IN WEST NEWPORT
March 18, 1968
I have reviewed your proposed suggestions for street end
improvement in West Newport with regard to some kind of landscape
treatment. It seems that if only 35' of right-of-way exists, and
provision must be made for both vehicle and pedestrian access to the
beach, there would be little room left for beautification. Therefore,
I would like to recommend the following:
1, That a modification of Plan II be developed as indicated
on attached sheet,
2. That if homeowners are desirous of installing landscaping
adjacent to their homes that it be done on private property,
3, That the water lines and electrical conduit be installed
as part of any assessment district but that the water
meter, back flow device and landscaping be paid for by
the City at 'time of planting.
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APPROVED
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RE. NO.
TO: (1) P.B. & R. DIRECTOR
(2) PLANNING DIRECTOR
FROM: Pub1ic Works Director
SUBJECT: STREET ENDS IN WEST NEWPORT
March 6, 1968
The City has hired the firm of Boyle Engineering of Santa Ana to
prepare pl ans for the improvement of a 11 the unimproved streets
and alleys in West Newport, between Balboa Boulevard and Ocean
Front, and between the Newport Ocean Pier and the Santa Ana River.
The contract with Boyle ca11s for the preparation of the final
working drawings for the improvement of the street ends that
lead to the ocean beach.
If the City has any plans for providing these street ends with
a specia1 landscaping treatment, a precise plan should be devel-
oped at this time so that the engineer will be able to include
. it in his work.
Attached are sketches of five possibilities that could be used.
I would appreciate receiving written comments or any additional
schemes that you feel would be suitable for the area. Please
keep in mind that the street right of way is only 30 feet wide
and both vehicular and pedestrian access must be maintained.
After the plans are completed the Public Works Department pro-
poses to request the Council to initiate assessment district
proceedings for the unimproved alleys. Depending upon public
acceptance, some or all of the street end work may also be included.
If electrical service and water service are desired. for any
areas to be landscaped, a method on how they. are to be financed
should be•included in your recommendations. It is doubtful that
the cost of these services could be borne by any assessment district.
The Public Works Department is very anxious to complete the
engineering phase of the work as soon as possible. If we don't
hear from you within two weeks we will ask the engineer to proceed
on the basis of Scheme I or V without the electrical and water
services.
If you have any questions, please contact Ken Perry.
~~l•~ Jo\5eph . Devlin
~~ilic ~s Director •. .
~D/ldg
cc -City Manager
Atts.
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NO.
TO:
FROM:
CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
PUBLIC WORKS
DEPARTMENT
BUILDING ANO SAFETY DIRECTOR
PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR
Date MARCH 12, I 965
SUBJECT: PROPOSED BUILDING AT LOT I, BLOCK 50, OCEAN FRONT TRACT
(#5000 WEST OCEAN FRONT)
ATTACHED IS A COPY or THE FIELD WORK DEPICTING THE EXISTING
SANO AND PAVED STREET ELEVATIONS AT THE SUBJECT LOCATION.
IT IS NOT rEASIBLE TO PROJECT OR DESIGN A FUTURE GRADE FOR
THE OCEAN fRONT AT THIS TIME, FOR THE PURPOSES or ESTABLISHING THE
"NATURAL GRADE" OF THE LOT, WE WOULD SUGGEST THAT AN AVERAGE OF T~E
EXISTING SAND LINE AND CENTERLINE Of SEASHORE DRIVE BE USED:
CENTERLINE GRADE
SAND GRADE
AVERAGE ELEVATION
=
12.451 MSL
IT I S ALSO SUGGESTED THAT THE PROPERTY OWNER BE ADVISED Of THE
CONDITION OF HIGH TIDES RECURRING EACH WINTER, WHICH BECOME A PROBLEM
IF THE FIRST FLOOR ELEVATION IS NOT AT LEAST 2 OR 3 FEET ABOVE NATURAL
GRADE•
ALso, THE GARAGE SLAB ELEVATION SHOULD 8£ PLACED AT A MINIMUM
or THREE INCHES ABOVE CENTERLINE OF SEASHORE DRIVE GRADE so THAT STORM
WATE R WILL NOT ENTER UPON HIS PROPERTY FROM THE STREET •
J. T. DEVLIN
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
LOS ANGELES DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P.O. BOX 2711
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90053
9 Deceraber 1977
Honorable Mila!l M. Dosul.
Mayor of die City of Newport Beach
3300 Newport Boulevard
/
Rr.r~,u ... '!"\ ~~ """'-t;.; \0. p,,,.,. \ u
Newport Beach, Cal.ifornia 92660
~.P.:, r r.· t--· ~.. .--•• ' 'r-n 1'. ,~ 1 ) }:}77,.. Cg
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NEY,. ' • T Bt.4CH Ji;
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Dear Mayor Dostal: "ttr~ r \\~ +
R.af8Nl1Ce :ls made to the 17 November 1977 letter of Mr. Harshbargar, • F
Marine Director of the Marine Department of the City of Newport Beach,
re.qua11ting our commeJ1ts c0110erning the sinking of a liberty ship about
2 mil.es offshore of West Newport Beach.
The op:ln:iou of the Los Angalee District, Corps of Engineers, is that
•dnldn13 of the liberty ship will not contribute to or cause any beach
eroaiou for the following 1:easona: •
a. In a<icordauee with permit applicat:!.on No. 77-140, the liberty
ship i8 to be sunk in 120 feet of water wi.th 90 feet of clearance to the
surface. The ship is amall relative to the -ter depth and distance
from shore; it can ba treated as a small irregularity on the sea bottom
aDd, therefore., its effects on wave patterns at the shoreline can be
uegleeted.
. b, Littoral tra118'pOrt or the•lllOV8llllilnt of beach aed:Jmmts along the&
shore.line u caused by the longsbore cOlllpOuant of wave energy from breaking
waves iDcident to the shoreline at angles other than 90 degrees. l'he
littoral transport 11one eattends between 500 feet and 2,000 feet seaward
for the higheet breaking waves likely to occur at West Newport llaach. ~-tly, einking of the ship in 120 feet of water about 2 ndles
from ahore would not !nterrupt the littoral transport of saD<I slang
the shorelina.
If you desire addit:tmial Wormation, please contact Mr. Win Collina,
Chief, Shore Protection Section at (213) 688--5407.
CF:
City Council
City of Newport Beach
3300 Newport Boulevard
Newport Beach, CA 92660
Sincerely yours,
NOBMAN ARNO
Chief, Engineering Division
\
MARINE DEPARTMENT
NOVEMBER 14, 1977 STUDY SESSION ITEM NO.: 7
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
BACKGROUND
CITY MANAGER
Marine Director
FISH AND GAME PROPOSAL FOR ARTIFICIAL FISHING REEF
The State Department of Fish and Game, by letter dated April 21, 1977, requested
that the City permit the sinking of a liberty ship off-shore Newport Beach over
tidelands granted to the City to create an artificial fishing reef.
The Marine Department prepared a staff report -for the City Council review at
their meeting of May 9, 1977, outlining the Department of Fish and Game request.
(Exhibit l).
The Council,after review of the report, directed the staff contact the Department
of Fish and Game and request an environmental assessment to address whether or not
the subject project could have an impact on beach erosion. In addition, the Council
also requested that the Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Protection Branch, be
consulted with regards to beach erosion and that they likewise comment in writing
as to what effect this project could have on beach erosion. The Marine Director
sent a letter to Mr. Kaneen, Regional Manager, Department of Fish and Game, on
May 11, 1977, requesting the above. A copy of this letter and subsequent telephone
call were made to the Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Protection Branch, to advise
them of the City's concern and request for information when the Army Corps was pre-
pared to act on the Department of Fish and Game request for a permit.
The Council, during their Study Session on September 12, 1977, again reviewed the
Fish and Game's proposal. The Mayor was directed to send a letter to the
Callfornia Department of Fish and Game stating that the City felt that a thorough
Environmental Assessment should be made to determine if the artificial reef could
possibly affect sand transport.
DISCUSSION
To date the City has received the following attached correspondence dealing with
the question of a fishing reef and its impact as related to potential beach
erosion.
Correspondence #1 -Letter from Robert Kaneen, Fish & Game Regional Manager
(dated May 17, 1977)
#2 -Army Corps of Engineers Public Notice No. G.P. 003
(dated August 30, 1977)
PAGE TWO FISH AND GAME PROPOSAL FOR ARTIFICIAL FISHING REEF
#3 -Letter from Robert Kaneen, F&G, to Mayor Dostal
(received 10-3-77) with attached letter from
Norman Arno, A.C.E. to Mr. Kaneen, F&G (dated 9-16-77)
#4 -Letter from Willard Bascom, Director, So. California
Coastal Water Research Project (dated 10-5-77)
A Fish and Game Department representative has verbally advised the City staff
that the Fish and Game will make no attempt to circumvent Newport Beach's
permit authority should the City take the official position that the artificial
fish·ing reef should not be created because of the potentials for beach erosion.
A representative from the Fish and Game Department, Mr. John Carlisle, Jr.,
Habitat Development Coordinator and Mr. Win Collins, Chief Shore Protection
Section, ACE are prepared to address the City Council during Study Session on
November 14 and answer questions the Council has regarding the Fish and Game's
Artificial Fishing Reef Proposal and what effects this could. have on beach
erosion.
o~~d/,c__.
D. Harshbarger, Director
Marine Department
DH:11
Attachments
/---
May 9, 1977
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
Recommendation
~ARINE DEPARTMfNT
MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL
Marine Department
EXHIBIT l
ITEM NO.: G-5
REQUEST BY CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FOR PERMISSION
TO CREATE ARTIFICIAL FISHING REEF BY SINKING A SURPLUS LIBERTY SHIP
If desired, approve the request subject to the following conditions:
1. The Fish and Game Department notify the City ten (10) days prior to the sinking
of the vessel.
2. The Fish and Game Department notify the City prior to any future repairs or
maintenance of the reef subsequent to the installation of the reef.
3. The Fish and Game Department appraise the City of any monitoring of the reef
or reports on the success or failure of the reef.
4. The Fish and Game Department hold the City harmless from any claims arising
as a result of the installation of this artificial reef.
Ui scuss ion ---~--·--·-·--
The California Department of Fish and Game recently notified the City of their
intention to create an artificial fishing reef _by sinking a Liberty Ship offshore
over tidelands granted to the City of Newport Beach. Approval of this project by
the City is necessary because tidelands granted to the Ci'ty by the State of
California extend three miles seaward to the City limits.
This Liberty ship will be 441 feet overall length and will be 30 feet high at the
higl1est points (the bow and stern). The vessel will be sunk in 120 feet of water
and will have 90 feet of clear water above it. Prior to sinking, the ship will
have the superstructure removed and all petroleum residue cleaned from it.
Th8 locatian of the artificial reef will be Latitude 117° 57' 42'' Wand Longitude
33 35' 36" N which will place it about two (2) miles at sea off the Newport Pier.
Once the Liberty ship is sunk, the location will be marked with a single 20 foot
long spar bouy anchored to the center of the ship.
I
PAGE TWO
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
May 9, 1977
Because of the time involved in obtaining the permits required, the Fish and Game
Department does not expect the reef to be in place until May or June of 1978.
It is the hope of the Fish and Game Department that this artificial reef will enhance
recreational fishing in the Newport Beach-Huntington Beach area. Their experience
indicates that fish will begin to populate the reef almost immediately followed by a
larger stable population.
This will be the Fish and Game Department's first attempt to establish an artificial
reef in Newport Beach waters. Other types of reefs have been established offshore
of the Huntington State Beach and are considered successful by the Fish and Game
Department.
This reef will be the second of three to be created by the Fish and Game Department
in Southern California. The first is being placed in the Santa Monica Bay area with
the third one to be located in Ventura County.
It is the opinion of the Marine Department that this artificial. reef would be benefi-
cial for local fishing and will not create a navigation hazard.
D. HARSHBARGER, DIRECTOR
MARINE DEPARTMENT~
~&,e(, ·114
Tidelands Administrator
GEW:11
Attachment
II
13
16
12
s
14
II
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VHF WEATHER DROAOCASTS FOR MARINERS
FM Statlon with tr.q,,u,ney ol 162.~!t me11.a.e,c1e1 111d
""II• •ppro~lm1l•I)' 40 milu, 11 in co>nlinuou1 Op•r••
tton 24 h,ur1 d•ily bro1dcuhng w•1lh ■r w•rnlnar..
lo,•U•h and ,.ports fron, lh• WlL'iTHER BUREAU
01111 • u !ollo,,.1.
HUNTINGTON IJ,K
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I 10 113 IJ,7 166 143 191
145 171 164 194
19b 114 213 1B6 210
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222 214 248 219
229 222 235
259
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238 238 238
254
249
243
237
267
269
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$TATE OF CA\IIORN!A -UFSOURCFS AGENCY ------------------======
L.,:_!' /\I\ 1/,'ll'h! I 01' Fl SI I Ai-10 GAM<'.
IIAI< I NI\ 1(1•,SULll<~lso liliGlON
35U (:olden Sl101:e
Long Ueacl,, California 90802
(213) 590-5104
21 April 1977
Ci.ty Manager
Newport Beach City Hall
Newport Beach, California
Dear Sir:
EXHIBIT l
EDMUND G, BROWN JR., Governor
=========~
We are planning to create an artificial fishing reef by sinking a sur-
plus Liberty ship offshore of Orange County, The site which meets our
needs lies about 5 miles west of Newport Harbor, and is within the
tJ clelands grant of the City of Newport Beach,
'!'Ice ship, which measures 441' LOA, will be cut down and the metal sal-
vaged until it wi.11 have a vertical measurement of 20 feet, with the
bow and stern sections 10 feet higher, The site chosen has a depth of
120 feet at MLLW, thus the clear depth over the reef will be 90 feet at
111,LW,
Pertnit applications are being made ,to all responsible agencies: the
Army Corps of Engineers, the Coastal Conservation Commission, the
Regional Water Quality Control BoaiJd and the EPA.
This reef should provide additiona~ fishing opportunity to fishermen
at a reasonable distance from Newport Harbor,
I
If you have any questions, please dell me at (213) 590-5118 or Jack
Carlisle at (213) 590-5104,
\'lilt. Robert G, Kaneen
Regional Manager
<1 CORRESPONDENCE #1
SlAff OF CA1.lf0RNIA---RESOURCES AGENCY EDMUND G. trnOWN JR., Govor11or
r1r.:pJ\:~T.'/-1L-f'~ r OF HSH Al'-~D GAMr:
MAl(lNl•:· RlcS\JUHC~S l{iiGltJN
350 Colden Shore
• '.uug Ueacl1, California 90802
QlJ) SY0-5117 or 5118
\
17 May 1977
David Harshbarger
}"arine Director
City of Newport Beach
City Hall
33110 Newport Blvd.
Newport lleach, California 92663
!Jear Mr, Harshbarger:
In reply to your letter regarding the City Council's concern, we can
assure you that a Liberty ship placed in 120 feet of water will have no
effect. on any Leach, This Department has been fortunate in having, for
many years, the councel of Dr. Douglas Inman of Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, a world authority on sand transport and beach erosion,
He sees no chance of beach erosion problems arising from this type of
habitat improvement, The depth of 120 feet chosen for this reef makes
such an eventuality even more unlikely than on the many reefs we have
placed along the southern California coast in 60 feet of water, None of
these reefs has ever caused any such problem,
Almost twenty years of observation by Department biologist-divers has
shown only local sand scouring at times immediately around the reefs,
Only a few yards away no effect can be observed,
If you have any further questions, please call me or John G, Carlisle, Jr,,
Jlabitat Development Coordinator, at (213) 590-5104,
Sincerely,
, I~~ \ \. <,.., .. / I....!:) ~ Robert . Kaneen
Regional Manager
~<lRRESPONDENCE #2
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
LOS ANGELES DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P. O. BOX 271 I
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA til00153
SPLCO-N Public Notice No, GP 003
30 August 1977
Date Comments Due:
29 September 1977
YOU ARE INVITED TO COMMENT ON THIS PROPOSED GENERAL PERMIT
APPLICANT: California Department of Fish & Game
Marine Resources Region
350 Golden Shore
Long Beach, California 90802
ACTIVITY: Under Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899 and
under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972; to enlarge existing artificial fishing reefs and construct
new reefs by placing materials in the Pacific Ocean at various locations
within the Los Angeles District of t~e Corps of Engineers; that is,
off the coast of the State of California between Cape San Martin, County
of Monterey and the Mexican Border.
The proposed expiration date for this 5-year general permit is 31 December 1981.
Proposed Conditions to be included in the general permit, if issued:
1. That, prior to the first work under this permit, the permittee shall
submit a study of existing reefs demonstrating their success and indicating
the kinds of information necessary to determine the expectation of success
of future reefs.
2. That the District Engineer shall have received a completed notification
and drawings, in the form prescribed by the District Engineer, at least
fifteen (15) business days before the start of any activity and no work
shall be started until the District Engineer finds, in writing, that
the particular activity will conform to the conditions of this permit.
The notification shall include a written report of:
a. Kind and quantity of vessel traffic within one (1) nautical
mile of the site;
b, expected impact of the work on vessel traffic;
c. a review of prevailing and extreme weather conditions which
may be hazardous, including waves, currents, surges, wind, and fog;
d, the impact of the proposed work on the existing water quality
at the site, including turbidity, oil and grease;
SPLCO-N 3Cl, August 1977
PubHc Notice No. GP 003
e, description of the substrate including the presence of flat,
hard-pack sand or mud;
f. description of existing biological environment in sufficient
detail to assess changes due to reef construction;
g, existing kinds, size, and numbers of fish in the vicinity of the
site; and
h, any other facts demonstrating need and shortage of fish habitat
near the site,
3, That the permittee shall make the following on going studies
(generating the necessary data) covering additions to existing reefs
and future sites under this permit:
a. Visual biological surveys before and after each placement;
b. periodic records of the kind, size, and numbers of fish at each
reef;
c, fish catch data;
d, records of all problems and complaints pertaining to construction
and operation of each reef;
e. standards for materials, stockpiling, transportation, location,
depth, configuration, orientation, and placement methods; and
f. program for periodic reef evaluation and possible improvements.
4. That within 6 months after the effective date of this permit the
permittee shall submit for approval a detailed report on the methodology,
contents, and format to be used in collecting the data and preparing the
studies required by this permit.
5, That the study method and results shall be annually reviewed by the
District Engineer in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Environmental Protection
Agency. If the studl.es are not making satisfactory progress or generating
the data required, the District Engineer may suspend or terminate this permit.
6. That if the applicant's studies determine that negative impacts have
occurred as a result of this activity, the District Engineer will be
notified and will determine proper mitigation in coordination with
2
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SPLCO-N 30 August 1977
Public Notice No. GP 003
the permittee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine
Fisheries Service, and Environmental Protection Agency.
7. That the material to be used:
a. Shall not be expected to significantly deteriorate
for at least five years;
b. shall be limited to tires (bound and anchored with non-corrodable
materials), large quarry rock, clay pipe, concrete structures, and
vessels; and
c. shall not include vehicles, scrap metal, or wood.
8. That the materials shall be of sufficient quantity and size to
provide adequate relief. The minimum height of new reefs shall be
10 feet above the natural bottom. The shape shall be such as to optimize
the number of holes, crevices, inclosed areas, height, overall size,
and habitat value. The amount of silting in, sanding in, and sinking
into the substrate shall be minimized.
9. That the minimum acceptable overall volume of material for new
reef construction is 200,000 cubic feet and shsll incorporate open
spaces 50 to 60 feet across.
10. That the orientation of the reef structure shall minimize detrimental
oceanographic effects.
11. That for new reefs, the minimum natural depth shall be 60 feet
below Mean Lower Low Water. The minimum clear depth over new reefs
shall be 50 feet or 70% of the natural depth, whichever is greater.
12. That additions to existing reefs shall not reduce the existing
clear depth over the reef.
13. That no new reefs shall be placed within one (1) nautical mile
of any existing natural reef habitat, rocky shore habitat, extensive
natural outcropping, shipping lanes, channels, anchorages or other
areas of heavy traffic nor further than 10 nautical miles from the
mouth of any developed harbor or marina, New reefs shall be located
so as to minimize the need for users to transit shipping lanes, channels,
anchorages, or heavy vessel traffic areas.
14. That the maximum quantity of material which may be discharged
in a single operation (under one notification) shall be 10,000 dry
weight tons.
15. That explosives shall not be used to place reef materials.
3
' ' l/
SPLCO-N 30 August 1977
P11hlJ.c Notice No. CP ,OtL',
16. That all readily removable scrap metal shall be removed from vessels
prior to placement and either salvaged or disposed of at an approved
solid waste disposal site, prior to placement as reef material.
17, That all oil and gasoline shall be removed from vessels and shall
be either salvaged or disposed of in a manner so as to preclude discharge
of these materials into ocean waters.
18. That any material toxic to aquatic biota and any oil, grease, flotsam,
or other floatable material which may appear qr accumulate on the water
surface at the proposed reef site, shall be removed from reef material,
19. That the appropriate California Regional Water Quality Control noard
shall be advised 10 days in advance of placement and given opportunity
to inspect the reef material prior to placement, The reef material shall
not be placed until any objections, expressed in writing by the Regional
Board, have been satisfactorily resolved, as determined by additional
inspection by Regional noard personnel,
20, That all transportation and stockpiling of materials shall be in
compliance with all local ordinances and present land use. Aesthetic,
health, and safety impacts shall be minimized,
21. That the site shall be marked by buoys or other aids-to-navigation
installed (under separate authorization) and maintained as required by
the District Engineer or the U.S. Coast Guard.
22. That the foregoing buoys or other aids-to-navigation shall be installed
in place before the commencement of any activity.
23, That the local U.S. Coast Guard, Captain-of-the-Port shall receive
notice of any activity authorized by this permit at least 24 hours before
the start of such activity,
24. That a copy of this general permit and of the District Engineer's
finding of compliance therewith shall be placed in a conspicuous place
in any vessel from which the reef material is placed.
25. That the permittee shall encourage full utilization of all reefs
by appropriate publicity, except if the reef is experimental and use
:ls to be limited for purposes of the experiment.
26. That the permittee shall provide notice of each activity to the
National Ocean Survey for inclusion on navigation charts. The time,
manner, and contents of this notice shall be specified by the District
Engi.neer.
4
SPLCO-N 30 August 1977
Public Notice No. GP 003
2"I. That all activj U.es author1zed herein shall, H they involve, during
their construction or operation, any discharge of pollutants into waters
of the United States or ocean waters, be at all times consistent with
applicable water quality standards, effluent 1:1.mitations and standards
of performance, prohibitions, pretreatment standards and management practices
established pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972
(Pub. L, 92-500; 86 Stat. 816), the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972 (Pub, L. 92-532, 86 Stat. 1052), or pursuant to applicable
State and local law. (General Condition (b))
28. That the permittee shall maintain the structure or work authorized
herein in good condition and in accordance with the plans and drawings
attached hereto (or submitted pursuant to condition No. 2), (General
Condition (h))
29. That the permittee, upon receipt of a notice of revocation of this
general permit or upon its expiration before completion of the authorized
structure or work, shall, without expense to the United States and in
such time and manner as the Secretary of the Army or his authorized represen-
tative may.direct, restore the waterway to its former conditions. If
the permittee fails to comply.with the direction of the Secretary of
the Army or his authorized representative, the Secretary or his designee
may restore the waterway to its former condition, by contract or otherwise,
and recover the cost thereof from the permittee.
PURPOSE AND USE: To develop, maintain, and harvest fisheries resources.
FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AUTHORIZATIONS: It is anticipated that other
regulatory entities will also issue a blanket authorization fo?." _t:his
activity. They may suggest appropriate conditions to be put in this
permit to facilitate such authorizations,
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT: Our preliminary assessment indicates that the
impacts of this activity include:
a. Air, noise, snd visual pollution associated with gathering and
stockpiling materials;
b. increased turbidity associated with placement operations;
c. loss of existing benthos;
d, new habitat for hard substrate organisms;
e, additional fish habitat; and
f, improved recreational fishing opportunities.
5
(
SJ'LCO-N 30 August 1977
Pub lie Not ice No. G1' 003
Any adverse impacts would be minor and the proposed activity will not signifi-
cantly affect the quality of the human environment. Therefore, it is our pre-
liminary determination that the Corps of Engineers need not prepare an Environ-
mental Impact Statement (EIS). This determination and the assessment of impacts
upon which it is based are not final. After consideration of the responses
to this public notice, a final Environmental Assessment will be prepared.
PUBLIC HEARING: Any person who has an interest which may be adversely
affected by the issuance of a permit may request a public hearing. The
request must be submitted in writing to the District Engineer within thirty (30)
calendar days of the date of this notice and must clearly set forth the interest
which may be affected and the manner in which the interest may be affected
by the activity.
CRITERIA: Your written comments or objections should include the number
and date of. this notice and must reach this office within thirty (30) calendar
days. The decision whether to issue a permit will be based on an evaluation
of the probable impact of the activity on the public interest. That
decision will reflect the national concern for both protection and
utilization of important resources. The benefit which reasonably may be
expected to accrue from the activity must be balanced against its reasonably
foreseeable detriments. All factors which may be relevant to the activity·
will be considered; among those are conservation, economics, aesthetics,
general environmental concerns, historic values, fish and wildlife
values, flood damage prevention, land use classification, navigation,
recreation, water supply, water quality, and, in general, the needs and
welfare of the people, No permit will be granted unless its issuance is
found to be in the public interest.
FOR THE DISTRICT ENGINEER:
ROBERT H. REINEN
Lieutenant Colonel, CE
Deputy District Engineer
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cc SPONDENCE #3
STATE OF CAL1FORNIA··-RE50URCES AGENCY
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
MAIUNE KES0URC!lS REGlON
1SO Co! dl'.n Slio L"L' rs Beach, California 90802
_13) 590-5117
30 September 1977
Milan Dostal, Mayor
City of Newport Beach
City Hall
3300 Newport Blvd,
Newport Beach, California
Dear Mayor Dostal:
92663
In reply to your letter of September 14, 1977, we are en-
closi.ng a letter recently received from Norman Arno,
Chief Engineering Division, Los Angeles District, Army
Corps of Engineers, We hope this opinion from the Corps
will allay fears expressed at your Council meetings and
:ln an earlier letter from Mr. David Harshbarger to which
I replied on May 17, 1977,
If you desire a further opinion from Dr, Douglas Inman on
this particular project off Newport, we will attempt to
reach him for an opinion as soon as he is available.
EDMUND G. BROWN JR., Governor
If you have further questions, please call John G, Carlisle, Jr.,
Habitat Development Coordinator, at (213) 590-5104 ..
Sincerely,
For Robert G. Kaneen
Regional Manager
l0L J)/ }11t1i,I/~)~
By 0ohn G, Carlisle, Jr. '<
llab'itat Development Coordinator
JGC: cc
Enc.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
l.05 ANGELES DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P. o. aox 2711
LOS ANGELES, CALIFOHNIA 90053
SPLED-CS 16 September 1977
Mr. Robert G. I<aneen
Regional Manager
Department of Fish and Game
350 Golden Shore
Long Beach, California 90802
Dear Mr . Kaneen:
This is in reference to a le.tter addressed to you 11 May 1977 by Mr. Donald Harshbarger, Marine Director for the city of Newport Beach. In Mr. Harshbarger's letter, he requests that the Corps of Engineers connnent on the effects the sinking of a Liberty Ship in city tidelands would have on the shoreline, A subsequent telephone request for Corps of Engineers' comments on the shoreline effects of such a sinking was made to the Los Angeles District on 13 September 1977 by Mr. Glen Welden, Tidelands Administrator of the City of Newport Beach, California .
• In accordance with permit application No. 77~140, the Liberty Ship is to be sunk in 120 feet of water with 90 feet of clearance to the surface, At such depths, this ship would not interrupt the littoral transport of sand along the shoreline nor would it appreciably affect the wave action on the beach,
If you desire additional information, pl.ease contact Mr. Win Collins, Chief, Shore Protection Section at (213r 688-5407.
Sincerely yours,
-R.e lt,t~<a,~
NORMAN ARNO
Chief, Engineering Division
' !
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COR,. JPONDENCE #4
SOI 'T!lrn;, (' \l ll'OR';IA COASTAL WAT FR RPSF \RCF PR()l}'rT
! 500 East Imperial Highway, El Segundo, California 90245
{213) 322-308U
Mr. Dave Harshbarger
Marine Director
City of Newport Beach
City Hall
3300 Newport Boulevard
Newport Beach, CA 92663
Dear Dave,
October 5, 1977
This is in answer to your question of Sept. 22 about
the scuttling of an old liberty ship off of Newport
Beach to create a fishing reef.
Considering the size of the ship, the depth of the
water and the distance from the shore I do not believe
there will be any problem of beach erosion.
The remarks in my old Scientific American paper on
"Waves" referred to very long-period waves and a
geologically small hump (a thousand times longer than
a ship).
As for the fishing reef value, I think you will find
that the money and effort involved in putting an old
ship hull at the proposed site, is greater than that
of a more effective reef made of old chunks of concrete
and rock. Why not ask the question: What is the best
reef we can get for the least money? Although nearly
anything will help to concentrate fish, old ships are
not as effective as more natural objects.
WB:kc
Sincerely,
/)/d&'I/ 8tf.,!l.c,.~>"'-._,
Willard Bascom
Director
DAN S. ROGERS
EXF.CUTIVE DIF'ECTOR
NEWPORT HARBOR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
1470 JAMBOREE ROAD • NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA 92860
1714) 644-8211
November 7, l<J'l7
Honorable Meyor Milan M, Dostal & Members of City Council
City of Newport Beach
'.3'.300 Newport Blvd,
Newport Beach, California 9266:,
Dear Meyor Dostal & Members of City Council 1
We, the Members of the Marine Division of tile Ne11pci,rt Harbor Area
Cha.mber of Couerce, greatly appreciate this opportunity to contribute
our input a.nd views on the proposed fishing reef here in Newport Beach,
We are made up of businessmen of the Newport Area that through bu11iness
or pleasure have interests in boating or water sports and how they relate
to our fair City,
On the subject of the fishing reef, we have done some investigation,
Enclosed you Will find a letter from one of our Members who has the
investigative power of the U,S,C, Sea Grant Program at her disposal, All
of the information she could gather on this 11ubject appears to be of a
very positive nature, As the sports of fishing and 11&iling relate to the
City of New,ort as a source of revenue, directly or indirectly, as well
as being an outlet for 111&ey of our re11idents, we feel that a111thing that
can add to the encouragement and productivity of the sports should be
uti11Bed,
OUr investigation and study of this plan lead us to believe that it is
worthwhile and does not appear to ca.use 8.111 adverse affects on our boa.ting,
beach sand Jlligration or navigation,
There is one consideration we woilld ask you to consider in your decision,
There is presently a plan amongst the Yacht Clubs here in Newport to
obtain approval for and installation of an "Olympic Sailing Circle" in an
area near the proposed fishing reef, Because the propoea.l. for the Sailing
Circle will be presented at a later date, I will give you only a quick
description of it to facilitate an explanation of how it relates to the
reef,
•rhe Sailing Circle would be a twCll-ll!ile diameter circle consisting of eight
equidistant anchored buoys placed on the perimeter, It will provide a
per11&nent triangular race course for all sie.es of racing boats in all wind
Continued•
Th• City of Newport BHch I• CompoHd of the FoHowlng Area,:
BALBOA • BALBOA ISLAND • CORONA DEL MAA • EASTBLUFF • HAABOA VIEW • LIDO ISLE
MARINE A'S MILE • NEWPORT CENTER • UNIVEASlTY PLAZA AIRPARK • WEST NEWPORT • WESTCLIFF
Page 2 of two
Re, Proposed man-made Fishing Reef' for Newport Beach,
conditions f'rom any direction, This is something that our pe:x:manent and
temporary racing buoys have failed to do in the past. The only consider-
ations in the placement of this buoy system a:re f'rom a navigational and
water depth nature, Naturally, it would have to be in an area where it
would not impede Coastal Navigation, but also in an a:rea where water depth
would not prohibit the anchoring of the buoys on an economically feasible
basis,
Our preliminary studies indicate that the best spot to achieve this would
be between the Newport Pier and the Santa Ana River, and far enough off•
shore to be safe for the sailboats and beach goers, A look at the fishing
reef proposal would indicate that the proposed reef would be located
approx1mately at an intersection of a line drawn down the pier and one
drawn down the river channel, This location being approximately two miles
offshore would keep the fishermen and the sailors well separated, which
would be good for both,
We ask that if, in the course of your decision, you are considering alternate
locations·for the proposed reef, we hope you will try to locate the reef in
an a:rea that would not conflict with the soon-to-be proposed Sailing Circle,
In conclusion, we find that,
(l) The proposed fishing reef would be a fine addition to our pleasure
facilities and attractions as well as our revenue, and we are in full
support of this reef, providing,
(2) That the reef would not conflict with a proposed Sailing Circle to be
located in an area between the Newport l':l.er and the Santa Ana River
Jetty, It should be noted that the original proposed location of the
reef at the coordinates of latitude 117 degrees 'J?' 42", Longitude 33
degrees 35' 36" does not conf~ct with the Sailing Circle,
HPA1ba
Enclosure
• Patrick Ayres,
Newport Harbor C
Marine Division
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
l 11,ititi.lle /or Mc1 l'i 11e m10 Coaota[ Stullieo
Sea Grant • Marine Advioor:g Serviceo
IOO WBST WATER STREET
WILMINGTON, CALIFORNIA 90744' (2I3) 830-6328
October 5, 1977
Mr. Dan Fogers, Director
Newport Harbor Area Chanber of Corrrnerce
1470 Jamboree Foad
Newport Beach, Galifornia 92660
Dear Dan:
As I indicated to you and nanbers of the Marine Division last week, there
has been considerable research related to artificial reefs and their con-
tributions to the marine envi.roment.
The first recorded use of an intentionally placedman-made reef was in
Japan in 1804. It was so successful in ~ fish-catches in the
area that hundreds of artificial reefs were constructed in the next 10
years. In the last 20 years CNer 20 billion yen have been spent on arti-
ficial reefs by the Japanese goverrnrent and fishing cooperatives. In just
eight years reefs were anplaced in 3, 900 locations. Although the first
known artificial reef in the United States was created in 1830, only 300
have been established.
Studies both here and in Japan concur that these reefs attract heavy •
populations of fish. 'They provide added shelter (and thus protection
from predators), areas of calm water, visual reference points and food.
They provide new regions for territorial species.
Richard B. Stone, a marine biologist who heads the Artificial Reefs
Project of the National Marine Fisheries Service at the Atlantic Estuar-
ine Fisheries Center in Beaufort, North Carolina, has been responsible
for collecting considerable historical data on artificial reefs as well
as for researching and reviewing research concerning different structural
materials and artificial reef :impacts on fish populations and catch.
Although there have not been definitive studies on all reef materials,
Stone has indicated that both marine and fresh water artifical reefs
have been shown to increase total biomass.
Dan Rogers
October 5, 1977 Page 2
At n conference i.n Jrn,e, 1977, at the University of South Florida, it
was pointed out that artificial reefs help to stem beach erosion by
absorbing a certain amount of energy from the wave force with the result
that littoral drift at1d erosion of sat1d from the beach are correspondingly
less.
The negative information about artificial reefs concerns their potential
hazard to navigation if not emplaced in deep enough waters at1d their
impediment to trawl fishermen. As long as the structures are clustered
rather that1 scattered all over the bottom~and appropriately buoyed this
latter problem cat1 be minimized.
I am enclosing a list of references on artificial reefs that substa11tiate
and explore in detail the conrrents included here. I hope this is of. help.
llist sincerely,
__L
Susan H. Anderson
Marine Recreation Specialist
SHA/sb
Enclosure
References
Buchanan, C. C. 1973. Effects of an artificial habitat on the
marine sport fishery and economy of Murrells Inlet, South
Carolina. Mar. Fish. Rev. 35(9):15-22.
Carlisle, J. G., Jr., C.H. Turner, and E. E. Ebert. 1964.
Artificial habitat in the marine environment. Calif.
Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 124, 93 p.
Dewees, Christopher M. and Daniel W, Gotshall. 1974. An experi-
mental artificial reef in Humboldt Bay, California. Calif.
Dep. Fish Game, 60(3): 109-127. (Reprint)
Florida Cooperative Extension Service Marine Advisory Program
Newsletter. 1977. Conference takes close look at
artificial reefs. July/August.
Klima, E.F., and D. A. Wickham. 1971. Attraction,
pelagic fishes with artificial structures.
Fish. Soc. 100:86-99.
of coastal
Trans. Am.
Randall, J.E. 1963. An analysis of the fish populations of
artificial and natural reefs in the Virgin Islands.
Caribb. J. Sci. 3:31-47.
Stone, R. B.
1972. Artificial reefs of waste material for habitat
improvement. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 3:27-28.·
1972. General introduction to artificial reefs. In
Proceedings of sport fishing seminar, Nov. 18-19, 1971,
Jekyll Island, Ga., p. 1-3. Coastal Plains Cent.,
Semin. Ser. 1.
Stone, R. B., and C. C. Buchanan. 1970, Old tires make new
fishing reefs. Underwater Nat. 6(4):23-28.
Turner, C. H., E. E.
reef ecology.
221 p.
Ebert, and R. R. Given. 1969. Man-made
Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull, 146,
Unger, I. 1966. Artificial reefs - A review.Am. Littoral Soc.,
Spec. Publ. 4, 74 p.
Wickham, D. A., J. W. Watson, Jr., and L. H. Ogren. 1973.
The efficacy of midwater artificial structures for
attracting pelagic sport fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
102:563-572.