HomeMy WebLinkAboutLCP Land Use Plan Update (PA2003-093)CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT
Agenda Item No. 3
March 18, 2004
TO: PLANNING COMMISSION
FROM: Planning Department
Patrick J. Alford, Senior Planner
(949) 644 -3235
palfordecity newport -beach ca us
SUBJECT: Update of Local Coastal Program (LCP) Land Use Plan— LCP
Amendment No. 2004 -001 (PA 2003 -093)
ISSUE:
Should the Planning Commission recommend that the City Council approve the
proposed comprehensive update of the LCP Land Use Plan?
RECOMMENDATION:
Conduct the public hearing; adopt Resolution No. 2004- recommending
approval of LCP Amendment No. 2004 -001 to the City Council.
DISCUSSION:
Introduction:
At the March 4, 2004 meeting on this item, staff received questions, comments
and recommendations from the Planning Commission and members of the
public. This report will address the outstanding issues.
Section 1.3 General Policies
Page 1 -2
Policy 3 states that where there are conflicts between the policies of the land use
plan and those set forth in any element of the City's general plan, zoning, or any
other ordinance, the policies of the land use plan shall take precedence.
Commissioner Eaton expressed concern that this policy undermined the City's
General Plan update effort.
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 2
This policy appears to be a required policy by the Coastal Commission and
appears in recently adopted LCPs in other communities. However, the City of
Malibu's LCP contains a variation of this policy. The Malibu LCP policy provides
that if there is a conflict between the LCP and the General Plan, and it is not
possible for the development to comply with both, LCP takes precedence and the
development cannot be approved unless it complies with the LCP provision. The
Malibu LCP is significant because it was prepared by the Coastal Commission
and certified in 2002. Therefore, it can provide insight into how the Coastal
Commission may react to this issue.
Staff believes that the current language adequately addresses this issue.
However, should the Planning Commission wish to pursue an approach similar to
Malibu, Policy 3 could be revised to read as follows:
Where there are conflicts between the policies set forth in this Coastal
Land Use Plan and those set forth in any element of the City's General
Plan, zoning, or any other ordinance, and it is not possible for the
other such plan or ordinance, the- pelisies of the Coastal Land Use
Plan shall take precedence and the development shall not be approved
unless it complies with the Coastal Land Use Plan. However, in no
case, shall the policies of the Coastal Land Use Plan be interpreted to
allow a development to exceed a development limit established by the
General Plan or its implementing ordinances.
Section 2.1 Land Use
Page 2 -1
Mr. Tom Billings presented the Planning Commission with a list of five areas. Mr.
Billings stated that these areas contain what he described as "density
discrepancies" with the current General Plan. Staff reviewed this information and
found the following:
Lido Village Commercial. This area contains the Lido Marina Village
development and adjacent commercial properties. The Land Use Element
designation is Retail and Service Commercial with an allowed floor area ratio
(FAR) range of 0.5 to 0.75. The proposed Coastal Land Use Plan (CLOP)
designation is CV (Visitor- Serving Commercial), which has a FAR range of 0.3 to
1.25. Although the CV designation has a higher FAR, CLUP Policy 2.1.1 -1 would
prevent any new development from exceeding the Land Use Element FAR limit.
All other proposed CV areas have actual FARs higher than 0.75. The CV
designation was proposed on this site because of the current high concentration
of visitor - serving uses and bayfront location. If the Planning Commission is
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 3
concerned about the FAR of the CV designation, the site could be designated
CG -A (General Commercial A) with a FAR range of 0.5 to 0.75, which is the
same as Land Use Element FAR limit.
Lido Villaae Residential. This residential area is located in the 3300 block of
Via Lido. The Land Use Element designates this area Multi - Family Residential
and allocates 12 dwelling units. The proposed CLUP land use designation is
RM -C (Medium Density Residential C), which has a residential density range of
15.1 to 20 units per gross acre. The current residential density is 22.6 units per
net acre and 15.8 units per gross acre, which is consistent with the proposed
RM -C designation.
Bayside /PCH. These commercial areas are located at the southwest and
southeast corners of the intersection of Coast Highway and Bayside Drive. The
Land Use Element designation is Recreation and Marine Commercial on the
southwest corner and Retail and Service Commercial on the southeast comer.
The maximum FAR for both areas is 0.3. The proposed CLUP land use
designation on the southwest corner is CM -A (Recreational and Marine
Commercial A) and CG -A (General Commercial A) on the southeast corner.
Both the CM -A and CG -A designations have FAR ranges of 0.5 to 0.75. CLUP
Policy 2.1.1 -1 would prevent any new development from exceeding the Land Use
Element FAR limit. However, if the Planning Commission is concerned about the
FAR, staff could develop a new CG and CM designation with a 0.3 FAR limit,
which could be applied to these areas.
Balboa Bay Club. The Land Use Element designation for the Balboa Bay Club is
"for a mixture of Recreational and Marine Commercial and Multi Family
Residential" and is "allowed a floor area ratio of 0.5 with residential development
allowed in conjunction with commercial development up to a maximum total floor
area ratio of 1.0 and 144 dwelling units." In recognition of these unique land use
characteristics, the proposed CLUP designates the Balboa Bay Club as PSA -5
(Planning Study Area 5). The FAR and dwelling unit limits are the same as those
in the Land Use Element.
Lower Bawiew Landing. This area is located at the southwest corner of the
intersection of Jamboree Road and Bayside Drive. The Land Use Element
designates this area Retail and Service Commercial and allocates 10,000 square
feet for restaurant use or 40,000 square feet for athletic club use. The site can
also be used for affordable senior citizen housing facilities. The proposed CLUP
land use designation is CG -A (General Commercial A), which has a FAR range
of .05 to 0.75.
Gross acreage contains the entire area of the site, including interior streets, and the area to the
centerline of abutting streets and one - quarter of abutting street intersections.
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 4
The Bayview Senior Affordable Housing project approved for the site was
originally designed with a 0.7 FAR. The revised project will have a FAR of
approximately 0.6, which is consistent with the proposed CG -A designation.
Section 2.1.1 Land Use
Planning Study Area 2 (Cannery Village)
Page 2 -5
Commissioner Tucker requested the last paragraph on this page be revised by
deleting the words "specifically" and wall." The revised paragraph will read as
follows:
Cannery Village is highly subject to redevelopment pressures. The
Cannery Village /McFadden Square Specific Plan specifically
regulates all development in this area. In order to maintain the
particularly "marine" atmosphere of the area, careful consideration
should be given to all proposals for new development, especially in
waterfront areas.
Section 2.3 Visitor-serving and Recreational Development
Page 2 -19
Ms. Carol Hoffman of Government Solutions, Inc. expressed concern that Policy
2.3.1 -2 would preclude replacing waterfront commercial uses with new uses and
"consolidation uses." She proposed the following revisions:
2.3.1 -1. PFeseFve ex ;sti.... ^ ^^' Encourage consolidation of waterfront
Parcels to stimulate new or revitalized waterfront - oriented
commercial uses, including eating and drinking
establishments and recreation and entertainment
establishments, as a means of providing public access to the
waterfront.
2.3.1 -2.
drinking establishments and recreation and entertainment
establishments, as a means of providing public access to the
waterfront.
Section 2.3.1 addresses the provision of visitor - serving and recreational uses in
the coastal zone. The Coastal Act requires the protection of land suitable for
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 5
recreational use and development and that visitor - serving commercial
recreational facilities have priority over private residential, general industrial, or
general commercial development. Policy 2.3.1 -1 is an extension of an existing
LCP Land Use Plan that states that "the City shall encourage and protect both
public and private water - oriented recreational and entertainment facilities as a
means of providing public access to the waterfront."
The proposed revisions shift the emphasis from protecting water -front commercial
areas to encouraging lot consolidation. This is not consistent with the preceeding
narrative and does not address the requirements of the Coastal Act covered in this
section. Staff recommends against incorporating this revision.
Section 2.8.6 Coastal Erosion
Page 2-48
Policy 2.8.6 -9 would require property owners in hazard areas to record a waiver
of future shoreline protection as a condition of approval of a coastal
development. Commissioner Kiser expressed concern over this policy and
requested that staff investigate other options.
This policy was specifically requested by the Coastal Commission staff. It
reflects the Coastal Commission position that that new development should not
need a shoreline protective device for the duration of its economic life. The
Coastal Commission bases this position on Section 30253(2) and Section 30235
of the Coastal Act. Section 30253(2) states new development may not "in any
way require the construction of protective devices that would substantially alter
natural landforms along bluffs and cliffs." Section 30235 limits the use of
shoreline protective devices to those 'required to serve coastal- dependent uses
or to protect existing structures or public beaches in danger from erosion."
Staff recommends revising Policy 2.8.6 -9 to make it clear that the waiver of future
shoreline protection would only apply to new structures and that existing
structures could still be protected. This is consistent with Section 30235, which
allows shoreline protective structures when they are needed to protect existing
development. Staff also recommends including a statement that the waiver
would only be for the duration of the economic life of the structure, which the
Coastal Commission generally sets at 75 years. The revised policy will read as
follows:
2.8.6 -9. Require property owners to record a waiver of future shoreline
protection for new development during the economic life of the
structure (75 years) as a condition of approval of a coastal
development permit for new development on a beach or shoreline
that is subject to wave action, erosion, flooding, landslides, or other
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 6
hazards associated with development on a beach or bluff.
previous coastal development permit.
Section 2.8.7 Geological and Seismic
Page 2 -51
Mr. Sean Burke requested that Section 2.87 include a policy requiring that any
update of the fire codes or fuel modification standards include consideration of
how those changes will impact erosion hazards in Buck Gully. Staff discussed
Mr. Burke's request with the Fire Department. The Fire Marshall said that the
Fire Department would not support such a policy, stating that it could interfere
with the removal of volatile vegetation. Policy 2.8.7 -1 specially calls for
conducting hydrological studies of Big Canyon, Buck Gully, and Morning Canyon
to develop methods to control erosion and other hazards. This and general
erosion control policies provided elsewhere in the CLUP are adequate to address
this issue.
Section 3.1.5 Private /Gated Communities
Page 3 -19
Policy 3.1.5 -1 and Policy 3.1.5 -2 prohibit developments with gates, guardhouses,
barriers, or private streets if they have the potential to inhibit public coastal
access. Commissioner Kiser requested revisions to these policies that would
make them applicable only "when it has been determined by a court having
jurisdiction that prescriptive rights exist ".
Prescriptive rights refer to public rights that are acquired over private lands
through use. Section 30211 of the Coastal Act states that "development shall not
interfere with the public's right of access to the sea where acquired through use,
or legislative authorization." When reviewing coastal development permits, the
Coastal Commission is required to protect those areas of use where investigation
shows that public use is substantial enough to create potential prescriptive rights.
The City will assume this responsibility when the LCP is certified and coastal
development permit authority is delegated to the City. Therefore, it will be the
City's responsibility to determine if prescriptive rights exist, not the courts. The
City's determination could be appealed to the Coastal Commission, since it
would more than likely involve a property located in the appealable area of the
coastal zone.
Staff recommends against incorporating this revision.
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 7
Section 3.1.6 Preferential Parking Districts
Page 3 -20
Policy 3.1.6 -2 requires a coastal development permit to establish new, or modify
existing, preferential parking districts. Commissioner Kiser requested that this
policy be removed, suggesting that it undermined the City's authority to approve
preferential parking districts even if they conform to the policies of that section.
This policy was specifically recommended by the Coastal Commission staff. It is
intended to insure that consistency with the LCP is required in order to establish
a new, or modify an existing, preferential parking district.
Section 4.1.4 Eelgrass Meadows
Staff received comments regarding what appears to be an inaccurate statement
in Section 4.1.4. This section states that eelgrass meadows are considered a
critical foraging habitat for California least tern. The City's biological consultant
looked into the matter and replied that while least terns do regularly forage in
eelgrass beds, eelgrass is not considered critical habitat for least terns.
California least terns are opportunistic foragers, often feeding in the shallow
waters of bays, which may or may not support eelgrass. California least terns
typically forage on small schooling fish that occur both in and out of eelgrass
beds, and do not require the presence of eelgrass in order to successfully or
adequately forage. The biological consultant concluded that it would be
appropriate to remove the sentence in question from this section.
Section 4.1.5 Coastal Foredunes
Page 4 -39
Commissioner Eaton expressed concern over the use of the word "encourage" in
Policy 4.1.5 -1, which deals with the removal of exotic vegetation on the dune
habitat. He recommended that this policy be more strongly worded. Should the
Planning Commission wish to strengthen this policy, the world "encourage" could
be replaced with "require."
All recommended revisions and corrections to typographical errors are provided
in Exhibit 1.
Environmental Review
Pursuant to the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA), the proposal is statutorily exempt from CEQA pursuant to
Section 15265(a) (1) of the California Code of Regulations, Title 14, and Chapter
3.
LCP Coastal Land Use Plan
March 18, 2004
Page 8
Public Notice:
Notice of this hearing was published in the Daily Pilot and mailed to over 200
community and business associations, advocacy groups, governmental agencies,
and individuals, a minimum of 10 days in advance of this hearing. Additionally,
the item appeared upon the agenda for this meeting, which was posted at City
Hall and on the city website.
Copies of the draft Coastal Land Use Plan are available for review at the Planning
Department office at City Hall and at all branches of the Newport Beach Public
Library. Copies are also available at the Planning Department office for a two -week
loan or purchase. The entire draft Coastal Land Use Plan is also available in PDF
format at the City of Newport Beach Internet site at httP:/1www.citv.newPort-
beach.ca.us/Pin/LCPILCP.htm.
Prepared by:
Patrick J. Afford
Senior Planner
Exhibits:
Submitted by:
Patricia L. Temple
Planning Director
1. Coastal Land Use Plan Revisions and Errata.
2. Draft resolution.
3. Correspondence.
LOCAL COASTAL PROGRAM
COASTAL LAND USE PLAN
REVISIONS AND ERRATA
MARCH 18, 2004
PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING
Section 2.1.1:
Revise the sixth paragraph under Planning Study Area 2 (Cannery Village) to
read as follows:
Cannery Village is highly subject to redevelopment pressures. The
Cannery Village /McFadden Square Specific Plan regulates
development in this area. In order to maintain the particularly
"marine" atmosphere of the area, careful consideration should be
given to all proposals for new development, especially in waterfront
areas.
Section 2.2.4:
Delete repeated first paragraph of this section.
Section 2.8.6:
Revise Policy 2.8.6 -9 to read as follows:
2.8.6 -9. Require property owners to record a waiver of future shoreline
protection for new development during the economic life of the
structure (75 years) as a condition of approval of a coastal
development permit for new development on a beach or shoreline
that is subject to wave action, erosion, flooding, landslides, or other
hazards associated with development on a beach or bluff.
Shoreline protection may be permitted to protect existing structures
that were legally constructed prior to the certification of the LCP,
unless a waiver of future shoreline protection was required by a
previous coastal development permit.
Section 3.1.1:
Delete repeated second paragraph on Page 3 -6.
Exhibit 1 vl
1
Section 3.1.2:
The third sentence of the fourth paragraph on Page 3 -12 should read "Newporter
North View Park," not "Newport North View Park."
Section 4.1.2:
Revise the last two paragraphs on Page 4 -6 to read as follows:
Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a marine plant that grows in Newport Harbor at
depths below the low tide line and into the navigational channels. This true
marine grass forms meadows and attracts many invertebrates and fishes that
use the vegetation as foraging and nursery habitat. Eelgrass is discussed in
more detail in Section 4.1.4 (Eelgrass Meadows) and Section 4.2.5 (Eelgrass
Protection and Restoration).
The Newport Beach Marine Conservation Area is located along the Corona del
Mar shoreline and extends 200 feet offshore. Numerous types of invertebrates,
algae, seagrass, fishes, and seabirds occur within the limits of the refuge, and
marine mammals occasionally pass through. The Newport Beach Marine
Conservation Area is discussed further in Section 4.1.3 (Environmental Study
Area 11).
Section 4.1.2:
Revise the Invasive Marine Species section to read as follows
Invasive Marine Species
Caulerpa taxifolia is an extremely harmful, invasive species that has recently
been introduced into southern California waters. It has been located within
Huntington Harbour and in the Agua Hedionda Lagoon in northern San Diego
County. This species has a characteristic bright green color, flat, leafy fern -like
fronds (branches), and below - ground root system. Caulerpa algae can be
extremely harmful to marine ecosystems because it invades and out - competes
native habitats by forming a dense blanket of growth on mud, sand, or rock
surfaces. It can grow in shallow coastal lagoons as well as in deeper ocean
waters, and can grow rapidly and up to 9 feet in length. However, its usual form
observed so far is much smaller in length.
The ecological consequences of the spread of this invasive algae can be
extremely serious and can result in a significant loss of plant and animal
productivity. Therefore, the spread of this species is being closely monitored and
areas that have become infested are being treated chemically to eradicate any
growth. The management, control, and eradication of this species is the
responsibility of the Southern California Caulerpa Action Team (SCCAT).
Exhibit 1
2
Newport Bay is not currently known to be infested by this species, however,
continued surveillance for undetected or new infestations is a high priority to the
SCCAT. Project site surveys for the presence of Caulerpa taxifolia are required
by NOAA and CDFG prior to bottom - disturbing projects such as dredging, dock
replacement, bulkhead repair.
Assembly Bill 1334 (Chapter 338, Statutes of 2001) prohibits the sale,
possession, and transport of Caulerpa taxifolia throughout California. The Bill
also bans species of Caulerpa that look similar to C. taxifolia and are believed to
have the capability to become invasive. The importation of the Mediterranean
strain of Caulerpa taxifolia into the United States and interstate trade, including
via the Internet, is also a federal offense under the Federal Noxious Weed Act of
1999 and the Plant Protection Act of 2000.
Section 4.1.2:
Revise Policy 4.1.2 -6 to read as follows:
4.1.2 -6 Continue.to require Caulerpa protocol surveys as a condition of City
approval of projects in the Newport Bay and immediately notify the
SCCAT when found.
Section 4.1.3:
The policy numbering sequence should be set at 4.1.3, not 4.1.2.
Section 4.1.3:
Revise Policy 4.1.3 -1 (Q) to read as follows:
4.1.3 -1 (Q) Continue to require Caulerpa protocol surveys as a condition of City
approval for projects in Newport Bay and immediately notify the
SCCAT when found.
Section 4.1.4:
Revise first paragraph to read as follows:
The flowering, marine vascular plant "eelgrass" (Zostera marina) is an important
marine resource due to its nursery function for invertebrates and fishes.
Eelgrass forms meadows on mudflats and subtidal sediments in bays, estuaries,
and occasionally, in offshore marine sand bottom habitats. The meadows (and
sub units called "beds" and "patches ") provide a habitat for invertebrates as a
source of food and attachment, and for marine fishes that seek the shelter of the
beds for protection and forage on invertebrates that colonize the eelgrass blades
and sediments in and around eelgrass vegetation.
Exhibit 1
3
Section 4.1.4:
The policy numbering sequence should be set at 4.1.4, not 4.1.3.
Section 4.1.4:
Revise Policy 4.1.4 -5 to read as follows:
4.1.4 -5 Continue to require Caulerpa protocol surveys as a condition of City
approval for projects in Newport Bay and immediately notify the
SCCAT when found.
Section 4.1.5:
Revise Policy 4.1.5 -1 to read as follows:
4.1.5 -1. Require the removal of exotic vegetation and the restoration of
native vegetation in dune habitat.
Section 4.2.1:
Revise Policy 4.2.1 -1 to read as follows:
4.2.1 -1. Recognize and protect wetlands for their commercial, recreational,
water quality, and habitat value.
Exhibit 1
4
RESOLUTION NO. _
A RESOLUTION OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF
THE CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH RECOMMENDING THE
CITY COUNCIL APPROVE LOCAL COASTAL PROGRAM
AMENDMENT NO. 2004001 (PA2003 -083) FOR A
COMPREHENSIVE UPDATE OF THE LOCAL COASTAL
PROGRAM LAND USE PLAN
THE PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT BEACH HEREBY FINDS,
RESOLVES, AND ORDERS AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. The California Coastal Act of 1976 established policies relating to
shoreline public access and recreation, lower cost visitor accommodations, terrestrial
and marine habitat protection, visual resources, landform alteration, agricultural lands,
commercial fisheries, industrial uses, water quality, offshore oil and gas development,
transportation, development design, power plants, ports, and public works.
Section 2. In order to achieve maximum responsiveness to local conditions,
accountability, and public accessibility, the Coastal Act relies heavily on local government
and local land use planning procedures and enforcement through the preparation of local
coastal programs.
Section 3. The Land Use Plan portion of City of Newport Beach Local Coastal
Program was adopted in 1981 and certified by the Coastal Commission in 1982.
However, the Implementation Plan of the Local Coastal Program was never completed.
Section 4. Senate Bill 516 amended the Coastal Act to require the City of
Newport Beach to submit a local coastal program for all of the geographic area within
the coastal zone and the city's corporate boundaries as of June 30, 2000 to the Coastal
Commission for approval and certification.
Section 5. A comprehensive update of the Land Use Plan is necessary before
the Implementation Plan can be completed and the Local Coastal Program certified.
Section 6. Public hearings on the proposed updated Local Coastal Program
Land Use Plan were held on March 4, 2004 and March 18, 2004, in the City Hall Council
Chamber, 3300 Newport Boulevard, Newport Beach, California. A notice of time, place
and purpose of the aforesaid meeting was given in accordance with the Municipal Code.
Evidence, both written and oral, was presented to and considered by the Planning
Commission at this meeting.
15
City of Newport Beach
Planning Commission Resolution No. _
Page 2 of 2
Section 7. The Planning Commission finds as follows:
The proposed Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan indicates the kinds,
location, and intensity of land uses and applicable resource protection and
development policies.
2. The proposed Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan is intended to be carried
out in a manner fully in conformity with the California Coastal Act.
3. The proposed Local Coastal Program Land Use Plan meets the requirements of,
and is in conformity with, the policies of Chapter 3 (commencing with Section
30200) of the California Coastal Act.
4. The Local Coastal Plan Amendment will not become effective until approval of
the amendment by the Coastal Commission.
5. Pursuant to the authority and criteria contained in the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA), the proposal is statutorily exempt from CEQA pursuant to
Section 15265(a) (1) of the California Code of Regulations, Title 14, and Chapter
3.
Section 8. Based on the aforementioned findings, the Planning Commission
hereby recommends that the City Council adopt the proposed Local Coastal Program
Land Use Plan by approving Local Coastal Plan Amendment No. 2004 -001 (PA -2003-
093) with the revisions contained in attached Exhibit 1.
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED THIS 18TH DAY OF MARCH 2004.
AYES:
NOES:
BY:
Earl McDaniel, Chairman
BY:
Michael Toerge, Secretary
,A
Page 1 of 1
Alford, Patrick
From: Bluhms2 @cs.com
Sent: Friday, March 12, 2004 12:34 PM
To: palford @city .newport- beach.ca.us
Cc: everette _phillips@yahoo.com; michols @coastwalk.org; gdpace@oox.net
Subject: Newport Beach LCP
Mr. Alford,
Congratulations to you and your staff for assembling an excellent LCP.
Coastwalk is particularly pleased to see policy 3.1.1 -9 that specifically mentions the Califomia Coastal Trail. In
compliance with the Coastal Conservancy report, Completing the California Coastal Trail mandated by SB 908, it
is important that the CCT be continuous, and be as close to the shoreline as possible.
Coastwalk makes the following recommendations:
1. That the Coastal Trail route be shown along the beach from the Santa Ana River, connecting to the existing
Ocean Front trail at 36th Street.
2. That diligent efforts be made to establish a Coastal Trail route in the southeast portion of Newport Beach that
avoids exposure of pedestrians to high speed vehicular traffic along Highway 1, and connects to trails in Crystal
Cove State Park.
3. Provide connections from the Coastal Trail to inland trails within the city, and to trails in adjacent jurisdictions
Thank you for your consideration.
Stan Bluhm
Coastwalk, CCT Project Coordinator
310 -379 -1153
www.coastwalk.org
t5
03/12/2004