HomeMy WebLinkAboutS19 - John Wayne Airport Jet Aircraft EmisssionsCITY OF NEWPORT BEACH
CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
Agenda Item No. S19
May 12, 2009
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND MEMBERS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
FROM: City Manager's Office
Homer Bludau, City Manager
949/644 -3000 or hbludau @city.newport- beach.ca.us
SUBJECT: Council Approval of Scope of Work for Air Quality Testing Study
Relating to John Wayne Airport Jet Aircraft Emissions and
Authorization to Enter Into a Standard Professional Services Agreement
with Dr. Karleen Sudol -Boyle for the Study
ISSUE:
Does the City Council approve the scope of work submitted Karleen A. Boyle, Ph.D., to
conduct air quality testing relating to John Wayne Airport (JWA) jet aircraft emissions and
authorize the City Manager to enter into a standard professional contract, which will have
been approved by the City Attorney with Dr. Boyle?
RECOMMENDATION:
Approve the scope of work for the air quality study.
2. Authorize the City Manager to enter into a contract with Dr. Boyle for the Option Two
study proposal (most rigorous option) at a not -to- exceed amount of $62,000; and
approve a budget amendment (09BA -056) in the amount of $62,000 from
unallocated General Fund reserves to account #0123 -8080.
DISCUSSION:
Background:
At its February 10, 2009 meeting, the City Council adopted its priorities and action steps for
2009, including the following priority: "Continue to seek and implement measures to
minimize the adverse impacts of John Wayne Airport through the implementation of the City
Council's Airport Policy." One of the action steps identified to implement this priority was to
"Conduct an air quality study seeking to determine effects of JWA jet aircraft on Newport
Beach's air quality."
Air Quality Testing Study Relating to John Wayne Airport Jet Aircraft Emissions
May 12, 2009
Page 2
For many years, Newport Beach residents have expressed concerns to City officials about
the fine black grit particulates that appears to be emitted from jet aircraft flying overhead.
The concern has not been limited to the residue that seems to result, but also includes the
potential health impacts to humans from ingesting these" jet engine fine particulate
emissions. Until now, there has not been the sophistication of testing equipment nor the
methodology to differentiate between diesel and jet engine fine particulate emissions;
however, we have good reason to believe the science does now exist to identify the quantity
of jet fuel emissions being emitted by jet aircraft from JWA and from any other airport.
STUDY PROPOSAL: The air quality proposal on your agenda is from Karleen A. Boyle,
Ph.D. I have previously engaged her to conduct a literature review of testing methodologies
relating to aircraft emissions in order to familiarize herself with recent papers and testing
procedures performed on aircraft emissions to determine if the science does exist; it is her
opinion that it does. Her literature study is included as a staff report attachment. Her
background references are excellent.
Dr. Boyle's proposal outlines three alternative testing methodologies for JWA aircraft
emissions. Option One is what she calls "basic air sampling." This sampling would be
limited to testing for the chemical fingerprint associated with airport jet engine emissions.
The estimated cost is $31,500.
Option Two would provide "detailed air sampling" data to determine whether health issues
exist. The air samples would test for airport- associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH's) and metals and would predict the impact on human exposure. Six sampling stations
are being proposed with lab tests. This study would cost an estimated $58,900.
Option Three could be added to option two and would involve laboratory testing to
determine jet aircraft emission accumulations in sediment in the Upper Newport Bay, the
"impacts to Upper Newport Bay" option. The additional cost of this option is estimated at
$40,000.
The City Manager believes there are two good reasons to proceed with the Option Two air
quality study. First, our residents have long been concerned whether health impacts exist
from their being exposed to jet aircraft emissions. Second, the science appears to now exist
to test for quantities of jet aircraft emissions, and that information could prove valuable in
future EIR's required of the airport. Of course, the study could come to the conclusion that
jet aircraft emissions are not cause for health concerns, but that information would be good
to know and share with our residents.
It is the City Manager's recommendation that the City engage Dr. Boyle to conduct the
"detailed air sampling testing" (Option Two, the most rigorous) at a cost of approximately
$58,900; however, he is asking for not -to- exceed authority for $62,000, as the testing costs
will not be completely known until the air samples have been collected and he believes
there should be some flexibility to react to the unknown as the study is being conducted.
The study results should be available in early 2010. The proposal included in this staff
report was received in February and our current price has been updated and refined, so it
does not match the initial proposal figures. A professional peer review was conducted to
Air Quality Testing Study Relating to John Wayne Airport Jet Aircraft Emissions
May 12, 2009
Page 3
ensure the proposed methodology was appropriate, and the City Manager is satisfied with
the changes made in the proposal by Dr. Boyle based on the peer review feedback.
The City Manager proposes the City and Dr. Boyle enter into a standard professional
services agreement, to be approved by the City Attorney, with the City Manager being
authorized to sign.
FUNDING: The City Manager is asking for a budget appropriation amendment of $62,000
from unallocated General Fund reserves to fund this study.
Environmental Review: The City Council's approval of this Agenda Item does not require
environmental review.
Public Notice: This agenda item has been noticed according to the Brown Act (72 hours in
advance of the meeting at which the Council considers the item).
Submitted by
HOMER L. 8 U5 U
City Manager
Attachment
Timeline for Field Air Quality Study at John Wayne Airport
Orange County, California
Karleen A. Boyle, Ph.D.
May 2009
The following timeline is a conservative estimate, building in time for
complications in field conditions, laboratory turn - around times and equipment
availability that are typical in research. It is likely that the project can be
completed earlier if few problems arise.
July 15 -17, 2009 Meet with researchers at Desert Research Institute, Reno,
NV to discuss sample quality assurance/ quality control measures (QAQC), chain
of custody for samples and to calibrate air sampling equipment.
July 20 -24, 2009 — Site visits to establish field sampling stations and construct
sampling platforms.
July 27- August 21, 2009 — Active field air sampling.
End of August — Mid - October 2009 — Air samples analyzed for heavy metals
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Desert Research Institute. DRI
estimates a 6 week turn around time.
Mid - October - December 2009 — Data analysis and report preparation.
January 2010 — Final report submitted
Karleen A. Boyle, Ph.D.
8007 Pyracantha Ct.
Springfield, VA 22153
Phone: 202- 270 -6979
E -mail: kboylesudol @verizon.net
Education
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. Ph.D. in Organismic
Biology, Ecology and Evolution, June 2002. Dissertation research focused on the
effects of anthropogenic disturbances including eutrophication and heavy metal
deposition on the structure and function of esuarine communities. Coursework included:
Applied Ecology, Coastal Ecotoxicology, Biostatistics, Phycology, and Coastal
Geomorphology. Research has included quantifying trace metal and hydrocarbon
deposition associated with aircraft emissions and assessing its effects on estuarine and
coastal dune habitats; evaluating the effects of eutrophication on estuarine nutrient
dynamics and macroalgal communities; and examining the effects of tropical macroalgal
community diversity on nutrient dynamics.
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA., Bachelor of Arts degree in
English. June, 1992. Specialization in marine biology. Participated in Marine Biology
Field Quarter, USC Marine Science Center, Catalina Island. Field courses included:
Marine Ecology, Biological Oceanography, Phycology and Marine Invertebrate Zoology.
Conducted independent research on behavioral interactions of two species of goby.
Skills
Designing and conducting large -scale ecological field sampling programs. Sampling
experience in both temperate and tropical systems including: rocky, coral and soft - bottom
subtidal habitats; high- energy intertidal, estuarine, mangrove, riparian and coastal dune
habitats. Experience with stratified, random sampling techniques. Designed and
conducted laboratory, microcosm and field experiments to assess environmental impacts
of nutrients, heavy metals and hydrocarbons in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Research experience includes designing and conducting:
• Seasonal field monitoring of sediment, water column and algal tissue
nutrients and macroalgal biomass in Upper Newport Bay estuary.
• Laboratory microcosm experiments testing the effects of different nitrogen
and phosphorous loads on macroalgal biomass, sediment, water column
and algal tissue nutrients.
• Laboratory microcosm experiments testing the fate and effects of heavy
metals associated with particulate air pollutants in estuarine environments.
• Regional air sampling in the Los Angeles basin to quantify both ambient
atmospheric particle levels (PM10 and PM2.5) and particulate deposition
associated with Los Angeles International Airport.
Experience presenting data to and fielding questions from audiences including
international scientific conferences, federal and state regulatory agencies (EPA,
Transportation Research Board, Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board), and
public hearings.
Employment History
Marine ecology specialist, Environmental and Regulatory Specialists, Inc. (EARSI)
Newport Beach, CA. 1999 - present. Serve as staff marine biology specialist consulting
on marine, wetland and mitigation issues. Projects include assisting with data collection
and preparation of EIR/EIS for Dana Point Headlands development (Dana Point, CA) and
consulting on site assessment and habitat impacts and mitigation for a proposed
development of the Stauffer Chemical Superfund site (Tarpon Springs, FL).
Lead scientist for portion of LAX/El Segundo Dunes Environmental Impact
Assessment. Los Angeles, CA. 1998 -1999. Led all aspects of experimental design, field
sampling, data analysis and presentation for study evaluating the impacts of air traffic-
derived trace metal deposition on the El Segundo Dunes Reserve, habitat of the
endangered El Segundo Blue Butterfly. Results of this study were incorporated into the
EIR/EIS for the proposed expansion of the Los Angeles International Airport. Duties
included field deployment and maintenance of a network of 15 Minivol air samplers, data
analysis, evaluating biological impacts of exposure data and communicating results to
policymakers, resource agencies, technical audiences and the general public.
UC Toxic Substances Research and Training Program. 1998 -2000. Graduate
research fellow. Attended courses and symposia on ecotoxicological research techniques
and data interpretation.
Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology and
Evolution, UCLA. 1996 -1999. Led experimental design of multi -year field monitoring
program in Upper Newport Bay. Served as principal researcher for field data collection.
Parameters monitored included water column, sediment and macroalgal tissue nutrients,
macroalgal biomass, and epibenthic fauna. Served as lead scientist for data analysis,
preparing results for publication in the scientific literature and reporting results to
policymakers, resource agencies and the public. Assisted in presenting results to the
Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board and EPA representatives at public
hearing regarding establishment of a nutrient TMDL for San Diego Creek.
Committees and Panels
National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board's Task Force on the
Environmental Impacts of Aviation. 1996 -2000. Panel of researchers, resource
agencies, private consulting firms, and airport and natural resource managers which
reports to the Transportation Research Board on current and emerging issues regarding
the environmental impacts of aviation activities.
Technical Advisory Committee, Upper Newport Bay, California, 1997 -1999. Served
as a scientific advisor to this panel comprised of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Regional Water Quality Control Board, California Department
of Fish and Game, Orange County Environmental Management, City of Newport Beach,
Irvine Ranch Water District, academic researchers and citizen activists. Evaluated
environmental impacts and made policy recommendations for one of the largest coastal
wetlands in southern California.
Publications
Boyle, K.A., K. Kamer and P. Fong. 2004. Spatial and temporal patterns in sediment
and water column nutrients in a eutrophic southern California estuary. Estuaries 27(3),
pp. 378 -388.
Fong, P., K.E. Boyer, K. Kamer. and K.A. Boyle. 2003. Influence of initial tissue
nutrient status of tropical marine algae on response to nitrogen and phosphorus
additions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 262, pp. 111 -123.
Fong, P., K.E. Boyer, K. Kamer. and K.A. Boyle.. 2001. Nutrient content of macroalgae
with differing morphologies may indicate sources of nutrients for tropical marine
systems. Marine Ecology Progress Series 220, pp. 137 -152.
Kamer, K, K.A. Boyle and P. Fong. 2001. Ifacroalgal bloom dynamics in a highly
eutrophic southern California estuary. Estuaries 24(4), pp. 623 -635.
Fong, P., K.A. Boyle and K. Kamer. 1998. Will releasing treated wastewater stimulate
algal blooms in southern California estuaries? Technical Completion Report, University
of California Water Resources Center. Project Number: UCAL -WRC -W -871.
Boyle, K.A. 1996. Evaluating particulate emissions from jet engines: Analysis of
chemical and physical characteristics and potential impacts on coastal environments and
human health. Transportation Research Record 1517.
Invited Talks
Assessing Airport Air Quality Impacts: Measuring particulate emissions near a large
urban airport. Karleen A. Boyle and Peggy Fong. Presented at: The 79v' Annual
Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 2000, Washington, D.C.
Macroalgal bloom dynamics in a highly eutrophic southern California estuary. Karleen
A. Boyle, Krista Kamer and Peggy Fong. Presented at: Monterey Bay Aquarium
Research Institute (MBARI), August 1999, Moss Landing, CA.
Physical and chemical characteristics and environmental effects of jet engine particulate
emissions. Presented at: The 750 Annual National Meeting of the Transportation
Research Board, January 1996, Washington, D.C.
Assessing the environmental impacts offet engine particulate emissions. Karleen A.
Boyle and Peggy Fong. Presented at: The Annual Meeting of the Association of
Environmental Professionals, May 1996, Los Angeles, CA.
The effects of air traffic on wetland environments. Karleen A. Boyle and Peggy Fong.
Presented to Women in Philanthropy at UCLA. April 1996, UCLA Ocean Discovery
Center, Santa Monica, CA
Presentations
Evaluating impacts of heavy metal and nitrogen deposition from aircraft overflights of
coastal wetlands. Karleen A. Boyle, Michelle Anghera, Richard Ambrose, and Peggy
Fong. Oral presentation at the 16`h Biennial Conference of the Estuarine Research
Federation. November 2001, St. Pete Beach, Florida.
Nutrient content of macroalgae with differing morphology may indicate nutrient
availability. Pegg Fong, Krista Kamer, Katharyn E. Boyer and Karleen A. Boyle.
Presented at the 9` International Coral Reef Symposium, 2001.
Evaluating Potential Impacts of Heavy Metal Deposition from Aircraft Overflights in
Coastal Wetlands. Karleen A. Boyle, Peggy Fong and Richard Ambrose. Poster
presented at: UC Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program 13`h Annual
Research Symposium. May 2000. San Diego, CA.
A microcosm experiment testing whether nitrogen or phosphorous limits macroalgal
blooms in a highly eutrophic southern California estuary. Karleen A. Boyle, Krista
Kamer and Peggy Fong. Poster presented at: The Land -Water Interface: Science for a
sustainable biosphere; Joint meeting of the American Society of Limnology and
Oceanography and the Ecological Society of America, June 1998, St. Louis, Missouri.
Nutrient dynamics in a heavily modified southern California estuary- Responses of the
algal community to treated wastewater release. Karleen A. Boyle, Krista Kamer and
Peggy Fong. Oral presentation at: The 14'h International Meeting of the Estuarine
Research Federation, October 1997, Providence, Rhode Island.
Awards and Honors
Outstanding Student Poster Award, 1998 Joint Meeting of American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography and Ecological Society of America. Award amount:
$250.00
Charles A. and Anne Morrow Lindbergh Foundation Fellowship 1997 -98. Award
amount: $10,500.00.
UCLA Departmental Fellowship, Winter 1997 and Spring 1998. Award amount:
$1,200.00.
National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board, Grad IX Award, 1995-
96. Award amount: $5,000.00.
Switzer Environmental Fellowship Recipient, 1994 -95. Award amount $10,000.00.
To: Homer Bludau
From: Thomas C. Edwards
Re: Dr. Boyle's Proposal
Date: 4/27/09
The following is an updated outline regarding the current proposal by Dr. Karleen Boyle -
Sudol and the City's monitor of the potential environmental impacts of aircraft emissions
at John Wayne Airport, Orange County, California. Hopefully it will serve as a basis to
respond to continuing questions and concerns that the City may face as regards the study.
History
Initially, various components of the City have continually raised the question of what and
if any emissions are generated by aircraft that pass overhead at the rate of approximately
150 per day. Numerous comments through out the City confirmed that people felt they
were being inundated with black soot that collected on patio furniture, pool covers, air
filters and the like. It was with that in mind that the City began to investigate the
possibility of conducting its own study to monitor the potential impacts of aircraft
emissions. Independently through one source at the City and through my own
investigation the person most likely to conduct such a study was determined to be Dr.
Karleen Boyle- Sudol, t
Rather than accept anything at face value the City asked Dr. Boyle to make a proposal
but unlike most proposals it was to include and did include a complete survey of
literature to support the type of project that Dr. Boyle was proposing. The proposal
substantiated that the scientific community was able to demonstrate that "fingerprinting"
of ambient emissions to demonstrate their source was possible.
Proposal
With the foregoing in mind Dr. Boyle proposed a variety of research approaches for
evaluating the potential impacts of aircraft emissions. Included in the proposal and the
one that the City decided to pursue was a Detailed Air Sampling, which included the
measure of ambient particulate air pollution and associated polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons ( "PAHs ") and heavy metals near the airport, including areas used for
residential and recreational purposes. The current proposal's approximate cost is $52,000.
The staff person at the City located and passed on almost simultaneously the study conducted by Dr.
Boyle: "Evaluating Particulate Emissions From Jet Engines: Analysis of Chemical and Physical
Characteristics and Potential Impacts on Coastal Environments and Human Health" which appeared in
Transportation Research Record.
The proposal includes the use of Minivols, which are air samplers placed in certain
locations around the airport and therefore utilizing the field methodology and sample
design would be able to compare or create a signature of airport vs. urban background; in
light of outstanding studies such as the one conducted at LAX which demonstrated that
particle associated concentrations of Copper and Vanadium were statistically
significantly elevated in air samples.
Essentially what testing determined was that in terms of associating the elevated Copper
and Vanadium levels with aircraft, the best hypotheses is that the copper particles are due
to brake wear as the planes land. Also, vanadium is used as an additive in jet fuel. These
facts coupled with the lack of elevations in these metals in freeway sampling sites have
led so far to the conclusion that they are aircraft - associated. The City's proposed testing
would compare therefore the amount and type of particulate emissions associated with
the airport and testing and whether they are distinguishable from urban background and
freeway emissions. Assuming that the tests move forward it appears that the science
supports the ability to distinguish between the two, because of the heavy metal and PAH
fingerprinting of airport associated impacts versus other normal urban background.
Questions
Q: Is there science to support distinguishing airport versus urban background?
A: Yes. Numerous Studies, including the supporting literature and studies,
numbering 56 as cited in the City's proposal.
Q: What about the question of diesel fuel versus jet fuel?
A: Because of the testing which has demonstrated the ability to distinguish heavy
metals and PAH fingerprints from sampling, while difficult it is obtainable. Moreover,
the sample design and field methodology were designed with the objective of
distinguishing airport- associated emissions from other urban background sources. Since
substantial diesel emissions are associated with airport activities, including baggage
transport vehicles, aircraft support vehicles, public transit vehicles, etc.; these emissions
should be included in assessing overall airport impacts to air quality. That is the purpose
of having multiple field sampling stations, to allow us to measure airborne particulates
(and associated PAHs and heavy metals) in proximity to the airport in comparison to
"clean" coastal control sites, airport- adjacent residential areas, and non - airport adjacent
urban sampling stations. Dr. Boyle's study at LAX used a similar design and did find
statistically significant differences between the amount of particle -bound heavy metals in
air samples near the airport vs. samples adjacent to a freeway with a high volume of
diesel truck traffic. Airport air samples had significantly higher levels of particulate
copper (possibly from brake wear on landings) and vanadium than control and freeway
stations, while freeway stations had significantly higher levels of particulate lead than
airport or control stations.
Simply put testing has demonstrated elevated levels of lead at freeway sites which is
associated with diesel whereas airport samples show elevated levels of copper and
vanadium which are associated with jet fuel - not diesel in any significant respect.
2
In addition one of the peer - reviewers specifically addressed this question and concluded
that that there is sufficient data available that supports that there are differences between
emission profiles of diesel and jet engines. In particular, a clear difference exists between
the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) found in the two emission types.
Q: What is a MiniVol?
A: It is the type of air sampler Dr. Boyle is proposing for use. It is an integrated
sample over time. Dr. Boyle selected a standard EPA - approved air sampler (MiniVol)
which means that both the sampling machine and sampling protocols have been
extensively and scientifically reviewed before being approved by the EPA. The other
benefit to using an EPA - approved methodology is that it allows her to make meaningful
comparison of the City's data set with other data sets collected using these same methods.
This makes the data scientifically defensible and provides a broader context for use when
interpreting the results.
Q: What about the costs?
A: The costs quoted, which appear as an exhibit on her proposal were merely
duplicated verbatim from the testing lab DRI. While it has been approximately six (6)
months from the date of the proposal and the longer the time before actual testing begins
as best as can be determined the quotes remain accurate.
Also because Newport Beach is a public agency, they obtain a break on costs and
expenses from the Lab.
Q: What about review of the proposal by stakeholders?
A: From a scientific standpoint it is not normal for stakeholders to be involved in a
scientific proposal at this stage. What is standard from a scientific standpoint is for peer -
review by peers in the field for evaluation of sample design and field methodology. From
the beginning Dr. Boyle has never opposed this and in fact had suggested a number of
possibilities.
Q: Will the proposal receive peer- review?
A: Yes. Currently Dr. Boyle has oral commitments and has exchanged information
with Dr. Gertler at DRI; Dr. Fine at AQMD and Dr. Weiner at UCLA. She is waiting for
all of the comments back and then if necessary will refine the proposal to incorporate
their suggestions. If there are additional costs or expenses associated with the proposal
she will make the City aware of those as soon as possible.
As an example Dr. Gertler made certain suggested changes and comments
including but not limited to his recommendation to change the proposed 24 hour
MiniVol sampling period to a shorter sampling interval. He pointed out that airflow in the
study area is typically onshore during daylight hours, switching to offshore flow in the
evenings as temperatures drop. Sampling during both periods would include emissions
from both upwind and downwind of our sampling locations, making our source profiles
less concentrated and specific. The recommendation was incorporated.
Q: Why do the testing?
A: There are a variety of reasons. However the City obviously must decide what they
determine to be in their best interests. Initially the citizens in the city have repeatedly
raised the issue. Irrespective of the results the testing would establish some type of base
line for measuring the future, including but not limited potential increases in the future. In
addition it may prove to be a negotiating tool for the future.
Also, contrary to what other may say, what the data will provide is a measurement
of the amounts of heavy metals and PAHs at sampling stations in varying proximity to
potential urban emission sources, including heavy auto traffic (freeway) and the airport.
That information can be used by planners to determine whether airport- associated
emissions make up a significant portion of the overall air pollution load of the region. Or
if automotive sources are so substantial that any airport effect is undetectable. Air
quality data collected at the sites of concern allows city officials and regulators to use
their limited resources to address real, rather than imagined environmental impacts. The
data set can indicate whether mitigation measures should be explored, and if needed, how
they can be most effectively focused. A frequently suggested strategy for mitigating
airport air quality impacts is to switch from diesel - fueled support vehicles to less -
polluting options such as electric or hybrid vehicles. This approach is usually more cost -
effective and feasible than reducing emissions from jet engines themselves.
Q: What type of questions will be addressed in the study?
A: How many fine airborne particles are present in the ambient air?
What concentrates of PAHs, trace metals and nitrogen species are associated with
these particles?
Does the particle load and/or chemical signature vary between sampling
locations?
How do the levels of fine particles and/or PAHs and heavy metals measured near
John Wayne Airport compare to field measurements of other sites from the scientific
literature?
How do these levels compare to standards set by air quality regulations?
Q: But isn't LA doing a study?
A: They are doing a variety of studies, all of which are related to environmental
impacts 45 miles away. Moreover Dr. Boyle's report will compliment the LAX report,
however it is much more chemically detailed as it will be able to distinguish in particular,
between the ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) found in the different
emission types.
Q: Is there a guarantee that the results will support people's beliefs regarding the
effects of the airport on air quality?
A: No. We are talking a scientific study; the science is what it is.
Q: Is there a risk of doing the study?
A: Yes, if people have a preconceived notion of the outcome. The results could be
Inconclusive; conclusive but show no negative effects from the airport; or
rd
Conclusive and show negative effects of the airport. In all cases a baseline of
information will be established.
Q: If the study demonstrates that there are significant environmental impacts as a
result of Jet Fuel Emissions will it shut down the airport?
A: No. However the County will have to deal with the issue of future expansion and
its impacts as well as incorporating certain mitigating measures to deal with the
impacts.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND MONITORING PROPOSALS TO ASSESS
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AT
JOHN WAYNE AIRPORT
ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Karleen A. Boyle, Ph.D.
February 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Panes
1 Executive Summary 2-4
2 Review of Scientific Literature and Relevance 4-6
to Proposed Project
3 Summary of Proposed Sampling Options 6-10
4 References 11 -15
Table
1 Estimated costs of research protocols 16
Appendices
1 Annotated bibliography CD
2 Budget worksheets CD
I
Section 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the scientific literature
as well as a series of proposals to monitor the potential environmental impacts of
aircraft emissions at John Wayne Airport, Orange County, California.
Residents near airports frequently complain about "soot" depositing on
their property, and sampling near runways confirms the presence of high
concentrations of fine particles in the air and in dry deposition on land and water
in the vicinity of airports. Moreover, a survey of recent scientific publications
demonstrates that field sampling at airports worldwide has in fact detected
elevated levels of fine particulates (defined as 10 microns or less, i.e., PM10 and
below), heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( "PAHs') in air, soil
and water near airports. These three components of aircraft emissions have the
potential to adversely impact both human and environmental health. t
Scientific Support to Justify Field Data Collection at JIMA
The scientific community has demonstrated that "fingerprinting" of ambient
emissions to identify their source is possible and has been done in other systems
using both heavy metals and polycyctic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to
distinguish between various anthropogenic emissions, including automobile
traffic, aircraft emissions, and urban background air pollution.
Accordingly, it is in fact possible to test for and distinguish between the
various type of emissions. Therefore there is substantial support in the scientific
literature to justify field data collection to measure current levels of particulates,
heavy metals and PAHs in the vicinity of John Wayne Airport, and to evaluate the
potential of environmental impacts associated with increasing levels of air traffic.
Research approaches for evaluating potential impacts:
• Measure ambient particulate air pollution and associated PAHs and heavy
metals near the airport, including areas used for residential and
recreational purposes.
• Measure heavy metals, PAHs and particle- associated nitrogen in dry
atmospheric deposition or runoff water in vicinity of runways. Nitrogen is
of particular concern because Upper Newport Bay is already eutrophic
and subject to nuisance blooms of macroalgae.
• Measure the effects of these airport associated pollutants on estuarine
habitats and organisms using laboratory microcosm experiments.
' The scientific literature supporting the foregoing is set forth in Section 2 of this Repork
Research Options
Options for field air sampling are presented in detail in Section 3 (pp. 6-10).
Laboratory microcosm experiments designed to measure airport- associated
impacts to estuarine habitats are also discussed. The proposed approaches can
be matched to research priorities:
Research priority Recommended protocol Estimated Cost
Basic air sampling Air 1 $27,5222
Detailed air sampling Air 2 $45,900
Impacts to Upper Newport Bay Lab microcosms Range:$930- $38,0703
Summary of Research Options
Several options are presented for measuring levels of chemicals of concern
near the airport and testing whether airport- associated impacts can be
distinguished from urban background pollutants (fingerprinting). Selecting the
best protocol to meet your research needs and budget constraints depends on
which potential impacts are of highest priority to identify.
Protocol t - Basic Air Sampling
Basic air sampling will yield measurements of PAHs and metals in air
samples taken near the airport. These will be compared to air samples from a
clean coastal control site and a site subject to high automobile emissions to
attempt to identify a chemical fingerprint associated with airport emissions.
Protocol 2 - Detailed Air Sampling; Assessing Residential Exposure
If human health impacts are of primary concern, air sampling protocol 2 will
give the most robust data set for that assessment by including additional
sampling stations at residential and recreational areas near the airport. These
data will allow us to test whether airport- associated PAHs and metals are
detected in these areas and will allow estimates of human exposure to be made.
This protocol will also improve our ability to fingerprint airport emissions by
adding data from additional sampling sites.
z Cost estimates for all of the research options are broken down and explained in detail in the budget
worksheets on the accompanying CD.
' Cost estimates for the microcosm experiments are presented in more detail in Table I (p.16)of this report.
Detailed Chemical Fingerprinting
If establishing a detailed chemical fingerprint is a high priority, air sampling
protocol 2 can be combined with laboratory experiments that expose microcosms
to doses of aircraft or automobile emissions collected at air sampling sites and
measure the resulting PAH and metal concentrations in microcosm sediments,
water, animal and plant tissue. Comparing chemical signatures from air traffic
and automotive traffic in the largest variety of media maximizes the chances of
isolating an airport- associated chemical fingerprint and evaluating potential
habitat impacts.
Lab Microcosms- Human Health Impacts and Impacts to the Estuary
If both human health impacts and impacts to the estuary at Upper Newport
Bay are prioritized, a combination of air sampling and laboratory microcosm
experiments is the best choice. This approach allows the fate and effects of the
air contaminants measured in the field to be tracked in an estuarine environment.
My recommendation for a baseline data set would be to combine basic air
sampling with experimental microcosms testing: toxicity, invertebrate
bioaccumulation and environmental fate. Additional testing could be added as
funding allows, or to pursue findings of interest in the baseline data set.
The budget worksheet on the accompanying CD allows detailed cost
comparisons of the various approaches.
Section 2. REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE AND RELEVANCE TO
PROPOSED PROJECT
Airport Associated Environmental Impacts
A search of the recent scientific literature shows that field sampling at
airports worldwide has detected elevated levels of fine particulates (particles
10pm and smaller), polycycic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals and
particle- associated nitrogen in air (Westerdahl et al. 2008, Fang et al. 2007,
Boyle 2001, Tsani- Bazaca et al. 1984)4, soil ( Romic and Romic 2003, Sharmila et
al. 2008), and water (Golomb et al. 2001) near airports These airport- associated
emissions have the potential to adversely impact both human health and habitat
quality.
Fine particulate air pollutants have been associated with increased risks of
cell mutation (Hopke 2008, McCartney et al. 1986), asthma attacks (DeLeon et
al_ 2004), and human mortality due to cardiovascular and repiratory causes
° These reference the science and literature cited in Section 4 and more particularly described in the
Annotated Bibliography found on the CD accompanying this report.
(Klemm et al. 2001, Kinney and Oezkaynak 1991, Schwartz 1991). In addition to
their negative effects on human health, chemicals associated with these
particles, especially heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can
adversely impact habitats subject to their deposition.
Both heavy metals (Horai et al. 2007, Franca et al. 2005, Kut et al. 2000)
and PAHs (Lee et al. 1999, Woodhead et al. 1999, Walker et al. 2004) have
been shown to accumulate in sediments and organisms, where they can have
toxic effects at various life stages (Greco at al_ 2001, Geffard et al. 2002).
Because of their frequent proximity to human development, estuaries are often
subject to such adverse environmental impacts.
Particle- associated nitrogen species are another potential environmental
impact. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition associated with air pollution has been
documented worldwide (Liu et al. 2008, Ayars and Gaob 2007, Whitall et al.
2003) and has been shown to alter habitats by altering plant physiology (Skinner
et al. 2006, Gidman et al. 2005) and changing vegetation communities (Solga et
al. 2006). Many estuarine habitats worldwide are adversely impacted by
excessive nutrient inputs (eutrophication) due to human activities (Kedong and
Harrison 2008, Dolbeth et al. 2007, Ellegaard et al. 2006). Atmospheric nitrogen
deposition represents another source of nutrient enrichment to these systems
(Nakamura et al. 2005). This is of particular concern for Upper Newport Bay,
since the estuary is already highly eutrophic and subject to nuisance blooms of
macroalgae (Boyle at al. 2004, Kamer et al. 2001).
Isolating the Source of Chemical Inputs
A persistent challenge in environmental impact sampling is isolating and
quantifying the various sources of chemical inputs against urban background
contaminants. Sediment profiles of heavy metals and PAHs have been found to
reflect adjacent land uses (Kimbrough and Dickhut 2006) and are frequently used
to identify "fingerprints" of anthropogenic inputs to a watershed (Walker et al.
2005, Bixian et al. 2003, Cal- Prieto et al. 2001).
Similarly, heavy metals and PAHs associated with particulate air pollutants
can be used to "fingerprint° ambient emissions (Chuersawan 2008, Ninga et al.
2008, Mastral et al. 2000, Zheng and Fang 2000, Rasmussen 1998).
Increasingly stringent air quality regulations have spurred the development of
analytical techniques to identify sources and distinguish between various types of
anthropogenic emissions including automobile vs. background urban vs. refinery
(Ravindra at al. 2008, Walker et al. 2005).
Scientific Support for This Study
There is substantial support in the scientific literature to justify field data
collection to evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with increasing
air traffic at John Wayne Airport. Studies of airports worldwide have documented
increased levels of fine particulates, heavy metals, PAHs and nitrogen species.
All of these compounds have been documented to have the potential to
adversely impact human and environmental health. The sampling technology
and analytical techniques are well developed to measure these contaminants in
the Field, near areas of concern (Cooney 2008, Yu et al. 2004). Areas at high risk
for environmental impacts exist in proximity to John Wayne Airport, including
residential and recreational land, as well as protected wetland habitat in Upper
Newport Bay, which is already threatened by numerous anthropogenic impacts.
In addition, chemical fingerprinting techniques are developed that give a good
probability of isolating an airport- associated emission signature from general
urban background pollution. The approach described in this report combines
these research methods to obtain quantitative field data on which to base
evaluations of potential air quality and habitat impacts associated with John
Wayne Airport.
Section 3. RESEARCH OPTIONS FOR ASSESSING POTENTIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AIR TRAFFIC AT JOHN
WAYNE AIRPORT
Two Air Sampling Options and/or Combination with Microcosm
Experiments
The following options are arranged from least to most complicated. As
complexity and sampling increase, so does the cost of the project. The major
expenses associated with these sampling options will be the rental of sampling
equipment and the cost of chemical analyses of the samples. Two air sampling
protocols are presented to measure air quality impacts near the airport and to
attempt to differentiate airport emissions from urban background inputs. If
desired, air sampling can be supplemented with laboratory microcosm
experiments examining the fate and effects of particle doses and/or runoff
collected at the airport on estuarine habitats. Ten experimental options are
described.
I recommend focusing on particle- associated PAHs and heavy metals as
chemicals of interest because there is a well-developed scientific literature to
support their use, they have been documented to have the potential to adversely
impact environmental and human health, and levels of concern for most have
been established by regulatory agencies_
If habitat impacts are a concern, analyses for nitrogen can be included.
These analyses are substantially less expensive than PAH and metal analyses.
Sampling in many systems worldwide has demonstrated that nitrogen species
associated with atmospheric particulates can lead to increased nutrient loading at
sites in proximity to, or downwind of, air pollution sources. In several cases, the
effects of this increased nutrient loading are measurable in changes in vegetation
patterns or species distributions in the impacted area.
The issue of increased nutrient deposition associated with particulate air
pollution near the airport is addressed through laboratory microcosms. This is of
particular concern for Upper Newport Bay since previous research has
demonstrated high anthropogenic nutrient loading to the Bay (Boyle et al., 2004),
and documented its role in facilitating nuisance blooms of macroalgae in this
estuary (Kamer et al., 2001). Acceptable levels of water column nitrogen are
regulated under the Clean Water Act.
For each protocol below, baseline sampling has been set at the minimum
number of locations and replicates (samples per location) which will allow
statistical analyses of the data set. If budget allows, increases in sampling
location or replicates will increase the ability of the statistical tests to detect
whether trends in the data are statistically significant. Sampling locations in
urban, high traffic areas have been included to attempt to discriminate between
airport- associated and other urban background emissions ( fingerprinting "). if
fingerprinting air traffic associated emissions is not a high priority, these sampling
locations can be omitted.
All budget estimates are approximate. There is potential for reducing the
cost of chemical analyses by partnering with other researchers in exchange for
co-authorship of results, or by running large numbers of samples which will
qualify for a reduced rate at most commercial labs.
General Sampling Structure
Field air monitoring would be conducted at the following general locations.
Different protocols increase the number of sampling locations to obtain
progressively more detailed data sets.
Proposed sampling locations: 6
• 2 at airport, 1 upwind and 1 downwind of runway
• 2 potential impact sites
- airport- adjacent residential/recreational/ habitat areas to assess
potential human health and environmental impacts.
• 1 site with high automobile emissions and minimal air traffic exposure
to obtain background urban emission values for fingerprinting
purposes.
• 1 clean control site sampling coastal air subject to minimal pollution.
Recommended minimum replicates per location: 3
Measuring particulate emissions and quantifying associated PAHs and
heavy metals
Research questions addressed:
How many fine (2.5 Nm and smaller) airborne particles are present in the
ambient air?
What concentrations of PAHs, trace metals and nitrogen species are
associated with these particles?
Doewthe particle load and/or chemical signature vary between sampling
locations?
How do the levels of fine particles and /or PAHs and heavy metals
measured near John Wayne Airport compare to field measurements of
other sites from the scientific literature?
How do these levels compare to standards set by air quality regulations?
Both air sampling protocols are designed to provide quantitative data on
levels of particle- associated PAHs and trace metals at sampling sites. These
values can then be compared to values associated with human health impacts in
the scientific literature and to acceptable levels stated in air quality regulations.
Statistical analyses will be conducted to test whether a significant difference in
PAH and metal concentrations is detected between locations in varying proximity
to the airport. Data will also be analyzed to attempt to differentiate between
airport- associated emissions and urban background emissions. Both protocols
employ air sampling machines to actively sample ambient particles in a known
volume of air. The Air 1 protocol samples three locations: downwind of the
runway, the high -auto emission control, and the clean coastal control. The Air 2
protocol increases the spatial resolution of the data collected in Air 1 by adding
three more sampling sites: upwind of the runway, airport adjacent residential and
airport adjacent habitat.
Saw Testing the fate and effects of PAHs, heavy metals and nitrogen in
estuarine habitats exposed to airport derived particles.
Research questions addressed and methods: See Table 1 (p.16) for
summary.
Are jet exhaust particles (JEPs) toxic? 96 -hour dose- response toxicity tests
will be conducted. Larval fish will be exposed to increasing doses of JEPs
collected at the runway sampling station and impairment or mortality will be
measured.
Do JEP- associated chemicals bioaccumulate in estuarine habitats?
Bioaccumulation potential will be assessed through laboratory microcosm
exposure tests in which organisms from "clean° reference sites are exposed to
JEP doses from the runway sampling station. After exposure, tissues are
analyzed for PAHs and heavy metals. Algal tissue is also analyzed for nitrogen.
Bioaccumulation can be tested for using:
Macroalgae (Ulva sp.)
Invertebrates (mollusk)
Vertebrates (larval fish)
Do JEP- associated nutrients increase macroalgal biomass (blooms)?
Biomass of macroalgae in laboratory microcosm test is measured throughout
exposure and compared to controls.
Where are JEPs stored in the environment (fate)? Laboratory microcosms
containing "clean" seawater, sediment, macroalgae and reference invertebrates
and vertebrates are exposed to JEP doses from the runway sampling station.
After exposure, all media are analyzed for PAHs and heavy metals.
Do JEPs increase water column and sediment nutrient levels
(eutrophication)? Laboratory microcosms containing `clean" seawater,
sediment, macroalgae and reference invertebrates and vertebrates are exposed
to JEP doses from the runway sampling station. After exposure, all media are
analyzed for nitrogen species.
Do automotive emissions demonstrate a different chemical signature in
estuarine habitats? A third experimental treatment exposing microcosms to
doses collected at the automotive emission sampling station is added to the Fate
protocol.
Conclusion
As previously stated, there is substantial support in the scientific literature to
justify field data collection to measure current levels of particulates, heavy metals
and PAHs in the vicinity of John Wayne Airport, and thereby evaluate the
potential of environmental impacts associated with increasing levels of air traffic.
The determination that the City must make is what types of impacts it wishes
to test for and which potential impacts are of the highest priority to identify.
A combination of air sampling and laboratory experiments will allow potential
impacts to both human health and habitat in Upper Newport Bay to be
investigated. The minimum data set necessary to accomplish this is the
combination of Air protocol 1 with select laboratory toxicity tests. My
recommendation for a baseline data set would be to combine basic air sampling
with experimental microcosms testing: toxicity, invertebrate bioaccumulation and
environmental fate. Additional testing could be added as funding allows, or to
pursue findings of interest in the baseline data set.
If fingerprinting emissions is a priority, the Air 2 protocol would provide the
most robust data set for those purposes. For detailed fingerprinting, laboratory
microcosms could be exposed to doses from both the airport and freeway
sampling sites. The chemical signatures of each in sediments and water could
0
be compared to controls to attempts to isolate an airport- specific pollutant
signature. The budget worksheet accompanying the executive summary allows
cost comparisons of various approaches. This is an interesting research
question, and any data that is collected will be a useful addition to the body of
scientific knowledge on these topics. It will also provide planners, the public and
the regulatory community with relevant decision - making information.
10
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Pingan and W. Zhishi. 2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
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Boyle, K.A. 2001. LAX Master Plan EISMR. Potential biological impacts to El
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12
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Mastral, Ana M. and M.S. Callen. 2000. A review on polycyclic aromatic
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15
Bludau, Homer
From: Bludau, Homer
Sent: Wednesday, May 06, 2009 2:41 PM
To: Bludau, Homer
Subject: FW: Revised timeline and budget options for JWA sampling
Attachments: Revised timeline for JWA project.doc; Newport budget from DRI.xls
........., ...._... _.,........
From: Karleen Sudol [ mailto:kboylesudol @verizon.net]
Sent: Wednesday, May 06, 2009 10:16 AM
To: Bludau, Homer; Thomas Edwards
Subject: Revised timeline and budget options for JWA sampling
Hello Homer and Tom,
I've attached a revised timeline and budget for the proposed sampling at John Wayne Airport. I spoke with the DRI lab
today to confirm their sample turn - around time in August and their 6 week estimate is factored into the new timeline. As
Homer requested, I kept the timeline conservative, but if we need to make the deadline before January 2010 let me know
and I can revise our estimates.
In terms of the budget, Homer asked me to prioritize scientific rigor of the study, so I've re- worked the numbers
accordingly. The limiting factor changing our costs is the number of samplers we deploy. Our costs for time and analysis
will remain constant with either approach, but adding samplers to the budget would improve the scientific rigor of our
data. This is because we will be sampling at 6 different locations (control, upwind of airport, downwind of airport, 2 sites
of interest adjacent to the airport (to be determined in consultation with you both), and a site removed from the airport but
adjacent to a freeway (as our automotive emission sample). In any sampling design involving different locations, the
"normal /background" variability between locations and over time must be considered. If we are able to have a sampler
running simultaneously at all 6 locations, that allows us to get a statistical estimate of normal spatial variability between
these sites (we are getting a snapshot of how different they are from each other during the same 12 hour period). This
makes it easier to determine whether any differences in emissions detected between sites are "real" or a function of
variability over space and time.
So, the bottom line is - the more samples we have, the better our statistics work and the more likely any differences we
detect are "real ". This is always the case in science and there is always a trade -off between statistical rigor and the
realities of budgets. After consulting with several colleagues at DRI and UCLA, the consensus is that a scientifically
rigorous approach would be to run 6 Minivol samplers simultaneously (1 at each sampling location during the same 12
hour period). This basic sampling method would be repeated on 3 different days to give us a sample size of 3 (the
minimum number needed to run statistics) for each location. Our minivols give us data on particle concentrations and the
heavy metals associated with those samples. To get our PAH data we need to run the XAD filter samplers alongside the
minivols so that we can measure the types and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, the agents of
most concern when evaluating toxic /carcinogenic effects). The XAD samplers are the most expensive piece of the
sampler budget. Ideally we would run 6 XADs alongside our Minivols, but that is prohibitively expensive. If we could use
3 XADs sampling simultaneously with the 6 Minivols and rotate the XADs between locations on the 3 different sampling
days, we would be in good shape. If that is not in the realm of budget reality, we should run at least 2 XADs
simultaneously, rotating through the locations.
These options give us the following budget numbers:
Most rigorous 6 Minivol samplers + 3 XAD samplers = $16,307.73 in sampler rental So, Total DRI costs
($41,873.61) + My budget ($17,020) = Total budget: $68,883.61
6 Minivol samplers + 2 XAD samplers= $13,059.26 in sampler rental Total DRI costs ($38,625.14) +
My budget ($17,020) = Total budget: $55,645.14
Less rigorous 3 Minivol samplers + 2 XAD samplers= $9,778.10 in sampler rental Total DRI costs ($35,343.98) +
My budget ($17,020) = Total budget 52,363.98
(but still scientifically defensible)
This is probably more information than you really wanted, but I want you to have enough background to explain it in the
meeting.
February 9, 2009
RE: Literature review and monitoring proposals to assess potential environmental
impacts of aircraft emissions at John Wayne Airport
Orange County, California
Dear Mr. Bludau:
I am pleased to submit the final draft of my report "Literature review and monitoring
proposals to assess potential environmental impacts of aircraft emissions at John Wayne
Airport Orange County, California ".
This document provides research options for investigating the effects of aircraft
emissions on environmental and human health near John Wayne Airport, and summarizes
scientific literature relevant to this question.
The report and accompanying budget worksheet provide enough detail for the City of
Newport Beach to select individual sampling or experimental protocols which best meet
their research priorities. My recommendation for a baseline data set would be to combine
basic air sampling with experimental microcosms testing: toxicity, invertebrate
bioaccumulation and environmental fate. Additional testing could be added as funding
allows, or to pursue findings of interest in the baseline data set. Depending upon when
the City decides to commence monitoring and the option(s) that it chooses, the
anticipated time line for completion of the project and analysis of the data is
approximately six (6) to nine (9) months.
If you would like assistance to modify the scope of research to meet a specific budgeted
amount or to focus on different research questions, I will be happy to tailor it to your
needs. Please feel free to contact me with any questions or comments.
Respectfully Submitted,
Karleen A. Boyle, Ph.D.
703 - 455- 8646(h)
202 - 270 -6979 (cell)
sudolLacox.net
City of Newport Beach
BUDGET AMENDMENT
2008 -09
EFFECT ON BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE:
Increase Revenue Estimates
X Increase Expenditure Appropriations AND �X
Transfer Budget Appropriations
SOURCE:
from existing budget appropriations
from additional estimated revenues
NX from unappropriated fund balance
EXPLANATION:
This budget amendment is requested to provide for the following:
NO. BA- 09BA -056
AMOUNT: $sz,000.00
Increase in Budgetary Fund Balance
Decrease in Budgetary Fund Balance
No effect on Budgetary Fund Balance
To increase expenditure appropriations from General Fund unappropriated fund balance to enter into a contract with
Karen A. Boyle, Ph.D for an air quality study relating to JWA jet aircraft emissions.
ACCOUNTING ENTRY:
BUDGETARY FUND BALANCE
Amount
Fund Account Description Debit Credit
010 3605 General Fund - Fund Balance $62,000.00
REVENUE ESTIMATES (3601)
Fund /Division Account Description
EXPENDITURE APPROPRIATIONS (3603)
Description
Division Number 0123 Spheres Issues Management
Account Number 8080 Services: Professional & Technical NOC $62,000.00
Division Number
Account Number
Division Number
Account Number
Division Number
Account Number
• Automatic System Entry.
Signed: _ C'_ i1 - d -a5
Financi I Approval: Adminis five Services Director Date
Signed: ,y
Administrative A roval: City Manager D
Signed:
City Council Approval: City Clerk Date